Abstract
Check dams in rural watersheds are useful and popular structures for rain or runoff water harvesting. This study investigates three combined approaches to check dam site selection. The approaches including (i) Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE), (ii) satisfaction of rural as benefices or exploiters, and (iii) valley’s shape analysis in the Manshad-Yazd watershed located in the center of Iran. A criteria tree model was designed and groups of constraints and factors were used for the spatial decision-making model. Constraints and factors were standardized using Boolean and fuzzy logic, respectively. The factors were weighted based on expert opinions. The factor layers were overlaid for producing a site selection map. Until this stage, geographic information systems (GIS) operated as a spatial decision support system. The decision-making process was completed using valley’s shapes (profiles steepness and cross-sections width/depth10m Min = 4.7 and upstream, Max = 42.7 at downstream), and rural satisfactoriness approaches. The proposed approaches are suggested for rapid, satisfied, and precise mapping of the check dam in the watershed for water harvesting. It is recommended to study the method in watersheds by more various biophysics, socio-economic and valley’s shapes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adham A, Wesseling JG, Riksen M, Ouessar M, Ritsema CJ (2016) A water harvesting model for optimizing rainwater harvesting in the Wadi Oum Zessar watershed, Tunisia. Agric Water Manag 176:191–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.06.003
Adriaenssens V, De Baets B, Goethals PL, De Pauw N (2004) Fuzzy rule-based models for decision support in ecosystem management. Sci Total Environ 319(1–3):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00433-9
Al-Adamat R (2008) GIS as a decision support system for siting water harvesting ponds in the basalt aquifer/NE Jordan. J Environ Assess Policy Manag 10(02):189–206. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333208003020
Al-Adamat R, Diabat A, Shatnawi G (2010) Combining GIS with multicriteria decision making for siting water harvesting ponds in Northern Jordan. J Arid Environ 74(11):1471–1477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.07.001
Al-Adamat R, AlAyyash S, Al-Amoush H, Al-Meshan O, Rawajfih Z, Shdeifat A et al (2012) The combination of indigenous knowledge and geo-informatics for water harvesting siting in the Jordanian Badia. J Geogr Inf Syst 4(4):366–376. https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2012.44042
Ammar A, Riksen M, Ouessar M, Ritsema C (2016) Identification of suitable sites for rainwater harvesting structures in arid and semi-arid regions: a review. Int Soil Water Conserv Res 4(2):108–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2016.03.001
Arianpour M, Jamali AA (2015) Flood hazard zonation using spatial multi-criteria evaluation (SMCE) in GIS (case study: Omidieh-Khuzestan). Eur Online J Nat Soc Sci 4(1):39
Ayalew L, Yamagishi H (2005) The application of GIS-based logistic regression for landslide susceptibility mapping in the Kakuda-Yahiko Mountains, Central Japan. Geomorphology 65(1–2):15–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.06.010
Baban SM, Wan-Yusof K (2003) Modelling optimum sites for locating reservoirs in tropical environments. Water Resour Manag 17(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023066705226
Barron J (2009) Rainwater harvesting: a lifeline for human well-being. UNEP/Earthprint, London
Conway D, Schipper ELF (2011) Adaptation to climate change in Africa: challenges and opportunities identified from Ethiopia. Glob Environ Chang 21(1):227–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.013
Cuskelly SL (1969) Erosion-control problems and practices on National Forest Lands. Trans ASAE 12(1):69–0070. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.38764
De Winnaar G, Jewitt GPW, Horan M (2007) A GIS-based approach for identifying potential runoff harvesting sites in the Thukela River basin, South Africa. Phys Chem Earth, Parts A/B/C 32(15–18):1058–1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.009
Dixon B (2005) Groundwater vulnerability mapping: a GIS and fuzzy rule based integrated tool. Appl Geogr 25(4):327–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2005.07.002
Durbude DG, Venkatesh B (2004) Site suitability analysis for soil and water conservation structures. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 32(4):399–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03030865
Efe SI (2006) Quality of rainwater harvesting for rural communities of Delta State, Nigeria. Environmentalist 26(3):175–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-006-7829-6
Hafizi Md Lani N, Yusop Z, Syafiuddin A (2018) A review of rainwater harvesting in Malaysia: prospects and challenges. Water 10(4):506. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10040506
Jamali AA, Abdolkhani A (2009) Preparedness against landslide disasters with mapping of landslide potential by GIS-SMCE (Yazd-Iran). Int J Geoinform 5(4):25–31
Jamali AA, Randhir TO, Nosrati J (2018) Site suitability analysis for subsurface dams using Boolean and fuzzy logic in arid watersheds. J Water Resour Plan Manag 144(8):04018047. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000947
Kahinda JM, Lillie ESB, Taigbenu AE, Taute M, Boroto RJ (2008) Developing suitability maps for rainwater harvesting water harvesting in South Africa. Phys Chem Earth, Parts A/B/C 33(8–13):788–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.047
Kahinda JM, Taigbenu AE, Sejamoholo BBP, Lillie ESB, Boroto RJ (2009) A GIS-based decision support system for rainwater harvesting (RHADESS). Phys Chem Earth, Parts A/B/C 34(13–16):767–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2009.06.011
Krois J, Schulte A (2014) GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation to identify potential sites for soil and water conservation techniques in the Ronquillo watershed, northern Peru. Appl Geogr 51:131–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.04.006
Kumar T, Jhariya DC (2017) Identification of rainwater harvesting sites using SCS-CN methodology, remote sensing and geographical information system techniques. Geocarto Int 32(12):1367–1388. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2016.1213772
Kweon G (2012) Delineation of site-specific productivity zones using soil properties and topographic attributes with a fuzzy logic system. Biosyst Eng 112(4):261–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2012.04.009
Li Y, Huang Y, Ye Q, Zhang W, Meng F, Zhang S (2018) Multi-objective optimization integrated with life cycle assessment for rainwater harvesting systems. J Hydrol 558:659–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.02.007
Likert R (1932) A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Arch Psychol 140:1–55
Mahmoud SH, Alazba AA (2015) The potential of in situ rainwater harvesting in arid regions: developing a methodology to identify suitable areas using GIS-based decision support system. Arab J Geosci 8(7):5167–5179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-014-1535-3
Maina CW, Raude JM (2016) Assessing land suitability for rainwater harvesting using geospatial techniques: a case study of Njoro catchment, Kenya. Appl Environ Soil Sci. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4676435
Malczewski J (2004) GIS-based land-use suitability analysis: a critical overview. Prog Plan 62(1):3–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2003.09.002
Mbilinyi BP, Tumbo SD, Mahoo H, Mkiramwinyi FO (2007) GIS-based decision support system for identifying potential sites for rainwater harvesting. Phys Chem Earth, Parts A/B/C 32(15–18):1074–1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.014
Mutekwa V, Kusangaya S (2006) Contribution of rainwater harvesting technologies to rural livelihoods in Zimbabwe: the case of Ngundu ward in Chivi District. Water SA 32(3):437–444. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v32i3.5270
Nayak PC, Sudheer KP, Ramasastri KS (2005) Fuzzy computing based rainfall–runoff model for real time flood forecasting. Hydrol Process: An Int J 19(4):955–968. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5553
Ndiritu J, Odiyo JO, Makungo R, Ntuli C, Mwaka B (2011) Yield–reliability analysis for rural domestic water supply from combined rainwater harvesting and run-of-river abstraction. Hydrol Sci J–Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques 56(2):238–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2011.555766
Omar K, Aziz N, Amr S, Palaniandy P (2017) Removal of lindane and Escherichia coli (E. coli) from rainwater using photocatalytic and adsorption treatment processes. Glob Nest J 19:191–198. https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.002061
Padmavathy AS, Raj KG, Yogarajan N, Thangavel P, Chandrasekhar MG (1993) Checkdam site selection using GIS approach. Adv Space Res 13(11):123–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(93)90213-U
Prinz D (1996) Water harvesting – past and future. In: Pereira LS (ed) Sustainability of irrigated agriculture. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 137–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8700-6_10
Ramakrishnan D, Bandyopadhyay A, Kusuma KN (2009) SCS-CN and GIS-based approach for identifying potential water harvesting sites in the Kali Watershed, Mahi River Basin, India. J Earth Syst Sci 118(4):355–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-009-0034-5
Reshmidevi TV, Eldho TI, Jana R (2009) A GIS-integrated fuzzy rule-based inference system for land suitability evaluation in agricultural watersheds. Agric Syst 101(1–2):101–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2009.04.001
Rockstrom J (2000) Water resources management in smallholder farms in Eastern and Southern Africa: an overview. Phys Chem Earth Part B: Hydrol Oceans Atmos 25(3):275–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00015-0
Sekar I, Randhir TO (2007) Spatial assessment of conjunctive water harvesting potential in watershed systems. J Hydrol 334(1–2):39–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.09.024
Senay GB, Verdin JP (2004) Developing index maps of water-harvest potential in Africa. Appl Eng Agric 20(6):789–799. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.17725
Shaheed R, Mohtar WHMW, El-Shafie A (2017) Ensuring water security by utilizing roof-harvested rainwater and lake water treated with a low-cost integrated adsorption-filtration system. Water Sci Eng 10(2):115–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2017.05.002
Singh JP, Singh D, Litoria PK (2009) Selection of suitable sites for water harvesting structures in Soankhad watershed, Punjab using remote sensing and geographical information system (RS&GIS) approach – a case study. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 37(1):21–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-009-0009-7
Singh LK, Jha MK, Chowdary VM (2017) Multi-criteria analysis and GIS modeling for identifying prospective water harvesting and artificial recharge sites for sustainable water supply. J Clean Prod 142:1436–1456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.163
Tamaddun K, Kalra A, Ahmad S (2018) Potential of rooftop rainwater harvesting to meet outdoor water demand in arid regions. J Arid Land 10(1):68–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-017-0110-7
Tiwari K, Goyal R, Sarkar A (2018) GIS-based methodology for identification of suitable locations for rainwater harvesting structures. Water Resour Manag 32(5):1811–1825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-018-1905-9
Tsiko RG, Haile TS (2011) Integrating geographical information systems, fuzzy logic and analytical hierarchy process in modelling optimum sites for locating water reservoirs. A case study of the Debub District in Eritrea. Water 3(1):254–290. https://doi.org/10.3390/w3010254
UNWWDR (2014) The United Nations world water development report 2014: water and energy. United Nations, Paris
Acknowledgements
We are immensely grateful to Dr. Debra F. Laefer, Professor of Department of Civil and Urban Engineering, New York University for her comments and native English on the revised version of the manuscript, although any errors are our own and should not tarnish the reputations of these esteemed persons.
Funding
(Information that explains whether and by whom the research was supported) ‘Not applicable’.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
(optional)
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
(None)
Availability of Data and Material
(Data are available when requested)
Code Availability
(ILWIS free version used)
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jamali, A.A., Ghorbani Kalkhajeh, R. Spatial Modeling Considering valley’s Shape and Rural Satisfaction in Check Dams Site Selection and Water Harvesting in the Watershed. Water Resour Manage 34, 3331–3344 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-020-02616-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-020-02616-2