Abstract
A personal account is given of a selection of the research projects the author has been involved in over the past 25 years, aimed at developing production processes for fine chemicals and bulk chemicals using homogeneous catalysis. The focus in fine chemicals has been on asymmetric hydrogenation using monodentate phosphoramidites (MonoPhos), palladium-catalysed C–C bond formation (“homeopathic palladium”), copper-catalysed amination, nanocatalysis and combinations of enzymes and homogeneous catalysis. Rhodium-catalysed isomerising hydroformylation was developed for a new process for caprolactam based on butadiene and palladium-catalysed methoxycarbonylation was used in a new adipic acid process based on levulinic acid. The use of high throughput experimentation has been crucial in a large part of this research. Collaborations with universities, in particular with the University of Groningen has also played a major role.
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Notes
The high enantioselectivity is even more surprising in view of the fact that the sulfonation of a single aryl ring makes the phosphorus atom chiral. We were able to show by chiral HPLC that this leads to formation of a 1:1 mixture of diastereomers. The proximity of the sulfonate to the cationic rhodium centre may induce a conformation that leads to high enantioselectivity. Buriak, Osborn and co-workers have studied the effect of anions on the ee in enantioselective imine hydrogenation [6].
This phenol from benzoic acid process was originally developed by Dow and had the advantage that no acetone was produced as side product as in the more usual cumene oxidation process.
If the product can be enriched by crystallisation at some stage during the synthesis, the ee can obviously be lower than 99 %. However, the lower ee translates into a loss of product, hence the ee should be as high as possible 90 % is generally seen as a reasonable cut-off. However, it is my experience that during the process development the temperature of the process is raised somewhat to increase productivity. Hence the research target of 95 %.
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Acknowledgments
The work described in this account has been a team effort both at DSM Innovative Synthesis BV as well as at the University of Groningen. I thank everyone for the exciting, wonderful and pleasant collaborations. I do not dare to list their names for fear of missing someone. Instead their names are listed in the references. Furthermore, I thank all the other collaborators from other universities inside and outside the Netherlands.
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de Vries, J.G. Twenty-Five Years of Homogeneous Catalysis for the Production of Bulk and Fine Chemicals: A Personal Account. Top Catal 57, 1306–1317 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-014-0297-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-014-0297-1