Abstract
We developed a new protocol for highly efficient somatic embryogenesis and plantlet conversion of Schisandra chinensis. Friable embryogenic callus was induced from cotyledonary leaves and hypocotyls of germinated zygotic embryos on Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Preculture of zygotic embryos on 2,4-D-containing medium increased embryogenic callus induction efficiency. The highest embryogenic callus induction frequency of 56.7% was obtained from shoot apical meristem-containing hypocotyl explants from 1-week-old germinated embryos on MS medium containing 4.0 mg l−1 2,4-D. Embryogenic callus proliferation, somatic embryo (SE) formation, and subsequent plantlet conversion occurred under optimal culture conditions. The effects of MS medium strength, sucrose, gibberellic acid (GA3), and 6-benzyladenine (BA) on SE formation and plantlet conversion were evaluated. Low MS medium strength (1/4 to 1/2) was necessary for SE formation, and the optimal sucrose concentration was 2.0%. Supplementing medium with GA3 negatively impacted SE formation and subsequent development. BA significantly increased the number of SEs and the plantlet conversion capacity. One-third-strength MS medium with 1.0% sucrose and 0.5 mg l−1 BA produced the highest number of SEs (309 embryos from 9 mg embryogenic callus) and the highest frequency of plantlet conversion from germinated SEs (52.6%). When transplanted to soil, 90% of the regenerated plants developed into normal plants.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aberlenc-Bertossi F, Noirot M, Duval Y (1999) BA enhances the germination of oil palm somatic embryos derived from embryogenic suspension cultures. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 56:53–57
Ashok Kumar HG, Murthy HN, Paek KY (2002) Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Gymnema sylvestre. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 71:85–88
Choi YE, Yang DC, Choi KT (1998) Induction of somatic embryos by macrosalt stress from mature zygotic embryos of Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 52:177–181
Choi YE, Yang DC, Yoon ES (1999) Rapid propagation of Eleutherococcus senticosus via direct somatic embryogenesis from explants of seedlings. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 58:93–97
Choi YE, Lee KS, Kim EY, Kim YS, Han JY, Kim HS, Jeong JH, Ko SK (2002) Mass production of Siberian ginseng plantlets through large-scale tank culture of somatic embryos. Plant Cell Rep 21:24–28
Decout E, Dubois T, Guedira M, Dubois J, Audran JC, Vasseur J (1994) Role of temperature as a triggering signal for organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis in wounded leaves of chicory cultured in vitro. J Exp Bot 45:1859–1865
Györgyey J, Gartner A, Németh K, Magyar Z, Hirt H, Heberle-Bors E, Dudits D (1991) Alfalfa heat shock genes are differentially expressed during somatic embryogenesis. Plant Mol Biol 16:999–1007
Hancke JL, Burgos RA, Ahumada F (1999) Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. Fitoterapia 70:451–471
Kamada H, Kobayashi K, Kiyosue T, Harada H (1989) Stress induced somatic embryogenesis in carrot and its application to synthetic seed production. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 25:1163–1166
Kamada H, Tachikawa Y, Saitou T, Harada H (1994) Heat stress induction of carrot somatic embryogenesis. Plant Tiss Cult Lett 11:229–232
Kim TD, Anbazhagan VR, Park JI (2005) Somatic embryogenesis in Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 41:253–257
Komatsuda T, Lee W, Oka S (1992) Maturation and germination of somatic embryos as affected by sucrose and plant growth regulators in soybeans Glycine gracilis Skvortz and Glycine max (L.) Merr. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 28:103–113
Liao YK, Amerson HV (1995) Slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) somatic embryogenesis II. Maturation of somatic embryos and plant regeneration. New Forests 10:165–182
Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:473–497
Opletal L, Sovová H, Bártlová M (2004) Dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctadiene lignans of the genus Schisandra: importance, isolation and determination. J Chromatogr B 812:357–371
Park SU, Facchini PJ (2000) High-efficiency somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in California poppy, Eschscholzia californica Cham. Plant Cell Rep 19:421–426
Prakash MG, Gurumurthi K (2010) Effects of type of explant and age, plant growth regulators and medium strength on somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 100:13–20
Smiskova A, Vlasinova H, Havel L (2005) Somatic embryogenesis from zygotic embryos of Schisandra chinensis. Biol Plant 49:451–454
Stasolla C, Yeung EC (2003) Recent advances in conifer somatic embryogenesis: improving somatic embryo quality. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 74:15–35
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the NSFC (No. 30671701) and the 948 Project of the State Forestry Administration of China (2009-4-26).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Ai Hua Chen and Jing Li Yang contributed equally to this work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, A.H., Yang, J.L., Niu, Y.D. et al. High-frequency somatic embryogenesis from germinated zygotic embryos of Schisandra chinensis and evaluation of the effects of medium strength, sucrose, GA3, and BA on somatic embryo development. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 102, 357–364 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-9740-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-9740-6