Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Evolving African attitudes to European education: Resistance, pervert effects of the single system paradox, and the ubuntu framework for renewal

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Review of Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper is a reflection that critically examines the dynamics of education and the struggle by African people for freedom, control of the mind, self-definition and the right to determine their own destiny from the start of colonial rule to the present. The primary methodological approach is historical structuralism, which stipulates that social reality and facts are determined and created by social agents within structural and historical contingencies. It addresses some of the most powerful challenges and contradictions that explain the ineffectiveness of numerous post-independence reforms, and presents the arguments for relevance and use of African languages, for instance, that have been made since the 1960s. The first section of the paper deals with the colonial imperatives for setting new education systems in the colonised societies of Africa and the initial attitudes of the Africans towards colonial education. The second section critically examines the evolving meanings of Western education in Europeanising African societies, the articulation of their rationale and the mechanism for resistance. It analyses the turning point when Africans began to embrace European education and demand it in the colonial and post-independence era. The third section addresses the roots of the inadequacies of received post-colonial education and the imperative of deconstruction and re-appropriation of African education using an ubuntu framework for an African renewal.

Résumé

Évolution des attitudes africaines vis-à-vis de l’éducation européenne : résistance, effets pervers du paradoxe d’un système unique et ubuntu comme cadre de renouveau. Cet article constitue une réflexion critique sur la dynamique éducative et la lutte des Africains pour leur liberté, y compris leur liberté de pensée, la possibilité de s’auto-définir et le droit de contrôler leur propre destin des débuts du colonialisme à nos jours. L’approche méthodologique primaire utilisée se fonde sur le structuralisme historique qui affirme que la réalité sociale et les faits sont déterminés et créés par des agents sociaux au sein de contingences structurelles et historiques. Elle aborde quelques-unes des problématiques et contradictions les plus marquées qui expliquent le manque d’efficience de nombreuses réformes postérieures à l’indépendance et expose les arguments avancés, par exemple, en faveur de la pertinence et de l’utilisation des langues africaines depuis les années 1960. La première partie de l’article examine les impératifs qui ont guidé les colonisateurs dans la mise en place de nouveaux systèmes éducatifs au sein des sociétés africaines colonisées et les comportements que les Africains ont adoptés à l’égard de ces systèmes. La deuxième partie soumet à une analyse critique l’évolution des implications de l’éducation occidentale dans ses efforts d’européaniser les sociétés africaines, l’articulation des logiques qui les sous-tendaient et les mécanismes de résistance. En outre, elle examine le tournant qu’a marqué le début de l’acceptation par les Africains de l’éducation européenne et leur demande de recevoir une telle éducation pendant l’époque coloniale et après l’indépendance. La troisième partie traite de l’inadéquation de l’éducation postcoloniale qui est dispensée et de la nécessité de déconstruire l’actuel système éducatif africain pour se le réapproprier en utilisant l’ubuntu comme cadre d’un renouveau africain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ajayi, J. F. A., Goma, L. K. H., & Johnson, G. A. (1996). The African experience with higher education. Accra/London/Athens, OH: The Association of African Universities/James Currey/Ohio University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Assié-Lumumba, N. T. (2000). Educational and economic reforms, gender equity, and access to schooling in Africa. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 41(1), 89–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Assié-Lumumba, N. (2005). African higher education: From compulsory juxtaposition to fusion by choice-forging a new philosophy of education for social progress. In Y. Waghid, B. van Wyk, F. Adams, & I. November (Eds.), African(a) philosophy of education: Reconstructions and deconstructions (pp. 19–53). Matieland: Stellenbosch University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Assié-Lumumba, N. T., & Lumumba-Kasongo, T. (1991). Economic crisis, state, and educational reforms in Africa: The case of Côte d’Ivoire. In M. B. Ginsburg (Ed.), Understanding educational reform in global context: Ideology, economy, and the state (pp. 257–284). New York: Garland Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouche, D. (1975). L’enseignement dans les territoires français de l’Afrique occidentale de 1817 à 1920: Mission civilisatrive ou formation d’une élite? [Teaching in French West Africa from 1817 to 1920: Civilising mission or education of an élite?] Volumes I and II. Paris: Diffusion Librairie Honoré Champion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brock-Utne, B. (2000). Whose education for all? Recolonization of the African mind. New York: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busia, K. A. (1964). Purposeful education for Africa. The Hague: Mouton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnoy, M. (1974). Education as cultural imperialism. New York: David McKay.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, J. H. (1996). A great and mighty walk [documentary video]. Black Dot Media. New York: [Distributed by] Cinema Guild.

  • Diop, C. A. (1974). The African origin of civilization: Myth or reality. Chicago, IL: Lawrence Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diop, C. A. (1987). Precolonial Black Africa: A comparative study of the political and social systems of Europe and Black Africa, from antiquity to the formation of modern states. Chicago, IL: Lawrence Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diop, C. A. (1996). Towards the African renaissance: Essays in African culture and development, 1946–1960. London: Karnak House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engholm, E. (1965). Education through English: The use of English in African schools. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fafunwa, A. B. (1986). The potential for utilizing African languages for formal education: A Nigerian example. In J. O. Okpaku (Ed.), The arts and civilization of Black and African peoples (Vol. 6, pp. 26–41)., Black civilization and pedagogy New York: Third Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faujas, A. (1971). L’Université d’Abidjan. Revue française d’études politiques africaines, 71, 40–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, P. (1965). Education and social change in Ghana. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goduka, I. N. (2000). African/indigenous philosophies: Legitimising spiritually centred wisdoms within the academy. In P. Higgs, N. C. G. Vakalisa, T. V. Mda, & N. T. Assie-Lumumba (Eds.), African voices in education (pp. 63–83). Landsdowne: Juta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hama, B. (1968). Essai d’analyse de l’éducation africaine. Paris: Présence africaine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeppie, S., & Diagne, S. B. (2008). The meanings of Timbuktu. Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane, C. H. (1969). L’aventure ambigüe [Ambiguous adventure]. (Trans. from the French by Katherine Woods with an Introduction by Wilfred G. O. Cartey). New York: Collier Books.

  • Kane, O. (2011). Non-Europhone intellectuals. Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ki-Zerbo, J. (1972). Histoire de l’Afrique noire: d’hier à demain [History of Black Africa: From yesterday to today]. Paris: A. Hatier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Letseka, M. (2000). African philosophy and educational discourse. In P. Higgs, N. C. G. Vakalisa, T. V. Mda, & N. T. Assié-Lumumba (Eds.), African voices in education (pp. 179–193). Landsdowne: Juta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumumba-Kasongo, T. (1981). The study of “politics of modernization” in the Congo (1910–1965): An evaluation of social ethics. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Chicago, August 1981.

  • Mazrui, A. A. (1975). The African university as a multinational corporation: Problems of penetration and dependency. Harvard Educational Review, 45(2), 191–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazrui, A. A. (1992). Towards diagnosing and treating cultural dependency: The case of the African university. International Journal of Educational Development, 12(2), 95–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazrui, A. A. (2012). From Euro-colonial colleges to the global university: Transitions in Muslim and African experience (second draft). Paper written at the invitation of the International Institute of Islamic Thought, Herndon, VA. Retrieved 27 January 2016 from https://www.binghamton.edu/igcs/docs/From%20Euro%20Colonial%20Colleges%20to%20the%20Global%20University%20Transitions%20in%20Muslim%20and%20African%20Experiences.pdf.

  • Mazrui, A. A. (2013). Cultural amnesia, cultural nostalgia and false memory: Africa’s identity crisis revisited. In N. T. Assié-Lumumba, A. A. Mazrui & M. Dembélé (Guest Eds.), The owl of Minerva on a baobab tree, schooling, and African awakening: Half a century of post-colonial education for development in sub-Saharan Africa (pp. 13–29). [Special issue] African and Asian Studies, 12(1–2).

  • Mazrui, A. A., & Mazrui, A. (1998). The power of Babel: Language and governance in the African experience. Oxford/Chicago: J. Currey/University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monteil, V. (1971). L’Islam noir. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moumouni, A. (1968). L’éducation en Afrique [Education in Africa]. (Phyllis Nauts Ott, preface by L.J. Lewis, Trans.). Paris: Maspéro.

  • Mudimbe, V. Y. (1988). Liberty in African and Western thought. Washington, DC: Institute for Independent Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murobe, M. (2000). Globalisation and African renaissance: An ethical reflection. In E. Maloka & E. le Roux (Eds.), Problematising the African renaissance (pp. 43–67). Pretoria: The Africa Institute of South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nkomo, M. (2000). Educational research in the African development context: Rediscovery, reconstruction and prospects. In P. Higgs, N. C. G. Vakalisa, T. V. Mda, & N. T. Assié-Lumumba (Eds.), African voices in education. Juta: Cape Town.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1967). Education for self-reliance. Dar Es Salaam: Ministry of Information and Tourism.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1968). Ujamaa–essays on socialism. Dar es Salaam: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Obanya, P. (1989). Going beyond the educational reform document. Prospects, 19(3), 333–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sy, J. H. (2014). L’Afrique, berceau de l’écriture. Et ses manuscrits en peril. Vol 1: Des origines de l’écriture aux manuscrits anciens (Egypte pharaonique, Sahara, Sénégal, Ghana, Niger). [Africa, the cradle of writing. And its manuscripts in peril. Vol. 1: From the beginnings of script to ancient manuscripts (ancient Egypt, Sahara, Senegal, Ghana, Niger)]. Paris: l’Harmattan.

  • Touré, S. (1961). Le développement de la réforme de l’enseignement [The development of the (Guinean) reform of education]. Conakry: République de Guinée.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiredu, K. (1998). The moral foundation of an African culture. In P. H. Coetzee & A. P. J. Rioux (Eds.), The African philosophy reader (pp. 306–316). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yates, B. (1982). Church, state, and education in Belgian Africa: Implication for contemporary third world women. In I. G. Kelly & C. Elliott (Eds.), Women’s education in the third world (pp. 127–151). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yena, I. (1978). Reform in basic education in Mali. In International Bureau of Education (IBE) and Network of Educational Innovation for Development in Africa (NEIDA), Educational reforms and innovations in Africa. Studies prepared for the conference of Ministers of Education of African Member States of UNESCO (pp. 19–24). Experiments and innovations in education series, vol. 34. La Chaux-de-Fonds: Courvoisier.

  • Yesufu, T. M. (Ed.). (1973). Creating the African university: Emerging issues of the 1970s. Ibadan: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to N’Dri Thérèse Assié-Lumumba.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Assié-Lumumba, N.T. Evolving African attitudes to European education: Resistance, pervert effects of the single system paradox, and the ubuntu framework for renewal. Int Rev Educ 62, 11–27 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-016-9547-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-016-9547-8

Keywords

Navigation