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Mother tongue instruction in Lubuagan: A case study from the Philippines

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Abstract

In the modern era, the prevailing model of public education has been that of “one size fits all”, with private schooling being a small but notable exception. Language (of instruction) was generally viewed as a minor variable readily overcome by standard classroom instruction. As researchers have sharpened their focus on the reasons for educational failure, language has begun to emerge as a significant variable in producing gains in educational efficiency. This paper reports the intermediate result of a controlled study in a very rural area of a developing country designed to examine the effect of language of instruction on educational outcomes. In the experimental schools, children are taught to read first in the local language (via the local language) and are taught other key subjects via the local language as well. English is taught as a subject. Teachers in the control or standard schools continue the standard national practice of teaching all subjects in either English or Filipino, neither of which is spoken by children when they begin school. Year-end standardised testing was done in all subjects throughout grades one to three as a means of comparing the two programme methodologies.

Résumé

L’enseignement en langue maternelle à Lubuagan : une étude de cas des Philippines – À notre époque moderne, le modèle prédominant de l’enseignement public est celui de la « taille unique », l’enseignement privé étant une exception restreinte mais non négligeable. La langue (d’instruction) était traditionnellement considérée comme une variable mineure facilement maîtrisée par l’enseignement standard en classe. Lorsque les chercheurs se penchèrent sur les raisons des échecs scolaires, la langue est alors apparue comme une variable significative susceptible d’accroître l’efficacité éducative. Les auteurs de cet article présentent les résultats intermédiaires d’une étude contrôlée réalisée dans une région très rurale d’un pays en développement, qui vise à examiner l’impact de la langue d’instruction sur les résultats éducatifs. Dans les écoles expérimentales, les élèves apprennent à lire en premier lieu en langue locale (au moyen de la langue locale) et sont instruits dans les autres disciplines principales également en langue locale. L’anglais y est enseigné en tant que matière. Les enseignants des écoles témoins ou classiques poursuivent la pratique nationale générale d’enseigner toutes les matières soit en anglais soit en filipino, langues que les enfants ne parlent pas au moment de leur scolarisation. Des tests standard ont été administrés en fin d’année dans toutes les matières de la première à la troisième classe, en vue de comparer les méthodologies des deux programmes.

Zusammenfassung

Muttersprachlicher Unterricht in Lubuagan : eine Fallstudie aus den Philippinen – „Allen das Gleiche“ ist heutzutage das vorherrschende Modell in der öffentlichen Bildung, wobei der private Unterricht eine kleine, aber bemerkenswerte Ausnahme darstellt. Die (Unterrichts-)Sprache galt bislang allgemein als nebensächliche Variable, die sich im normalen Unterricht ohne Weiteres bewältigen lasse. Erst seit die Wissenschaft sich genauer mit den Gründen für das Bildungsversagen beschäftigt, stellt sich heraus, dass die Sprache ein wichtiger Faktor ist, wenn es darum geht, Bildung effizienter zu machen. In diesem Artikel wird das Zwischenergebnis einer kontrollierten Studie vorgestellt, mit der die Auswirkungen der Unterrichtssprache auf den Bildungserfolg in einer stark ländlich geprägten Region eines Entwicklungslandes untersucht werden sollen. In den Versuchsschulen lernen die Kinder das Lesen zuerst in der lokalen Sprache (durch die lokale Sprache) und auch andere wichtige Fächer werden in der lokalen Sprache unterrichtet. Englisch wird als Fach unterrichtet. Die Lehrkräfte in den Kontroll- oder Normalschulen unterrichten gemäß der landesüblichen Praxis alle Fächer entweder auf Englisch oder auf Filipino, wobei die Kinder bei Schuleintritt keine dieser beiden Sprachen beherrschen. Der standardisierte Test am Jahresende wurde in allen Fächern mit den Klassen eins bis drei durchgeführt und diente dem Vergleich der beiden Methodiken des Programms.

Resumen

Enseñanza en la lengua materna, en Lubuagan: estudio de caso de Filipinas – En la era moderna, el modelo prevaleciente en la educación pública era el de “un patrón de aplicación general”, donde las escuelas privadas eran una pequeña, pero notable excepción. La lengua (de enseñanza) generalmente era considerada como variable de menor importancia que se podía superar fácilmente mediante una instrucción estándar en las aulas. Cuando los investigadores centraron la atención en las razones del fracaso educativo, la lengua comenzó a surgir como variable importante para la obtención de ventajas en la eficiencia educativa. Este trabajo informa sobre los resultados, obtenidos a mediano plazo, de un estudio controlado en un área muy rural de un país en vías de desarrollo, designado para examinar el efecto de la lengua de instrucción sobre los resultados de la educación. En las escuelas experimentales, primero se les enseña a los niños a leer en la lengua local (mediante la lengua local); asimismo, también se les enseñan otras asignaturas clave mediante la lengua local. El inglés se enseña como asignatura. Los docentes en las escuelas estándar o de control mantienen la práctica nacional estándar de enseñar todas las asignaturas en inglés o filipino, siendo que ninguna de estas lenguas son habladas por los niños cuando empiezan la escuela. Para comparar ambas metodologías del programa, se realizaron pruebas estandarizadas que abarcaban los tres primeros grados, en todas las asignaturas.

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Notes

  1. Brigham and Castillo (1999).

  2. Lubuagan is the spelling of the town, Lubuagen are the people and Lilubuagen is the name of the language.

  3. Makabayan is the Tagalog term for social studies.

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Walter, S.L., Dekker, D.E. Mother tongue instruction in Lubuagan: A case study from the Philippines. Int Rev Educ 57, 667–683 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-011-9246-4

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