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Education Reform in Hong Kong: The “Through-Road” Model and its Societal Consequences

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Abstract

Although Hong Kong’s education system has long been criticized as lacking in creativity and over-emphasising rote learning, on the whole it has served Hong Kong well in the past years, breeding outstanding business, academic and political leaders who continue to maintain Hong Kong’s competitive edge. The traditional elite schools have played a crucial role in the process. The education reform, which is still on-going, aims to overhaul the entire system by introducing the “through-road” model. To accomplish this, some mechanisms need to be changed. J.P. Farrell’s concepts of equality and equity, C.W. Mills’ concept of elitism, and P. Bourdieu and J. Coleman’s concepts of cultural and social capital will be applied to analyse the consequences of the reform. The paper argues that the education reform may be well-intentioned in eliminating some elements of inequality and inequity in education, but that this comes at the expense of Hong Kong’s cultural and social capital and leads to the development of new forms of inequality.

Résumé

RÉFORME DE L’ÉDUCATION À HONG KONG: LE MODÈLE «THROUGH ROAD» ET SES CONSÉQUENCES SOCIALES – Bien que le systÈme d’Éducation de Hong Kong ait ÉtÉ longtemps critiquÉ comme manquant de crÉativitÉ et comme mettant trop l’accent sur l’apprentissage par coeur, dans l’ensemble il a bien servi Hong Kong durant ces derniÈres annÉes, apportant des affaires exceptionnelles, des leaders universitaires et politiques qui continuent À maintenir l’avantage concurrentiel de Hong Kong. Les Écoles d’Élite traditionnelles ont jouÉ un rôle crucial dans ce processus. La rÉforme d’Éducation, qui est encore en cours, vise À rÉviser le systÈme entier en prÉsentant le modÈle « À travers la route ». Pour rÉaliser ceci, il faut changer quelques mÉcanismes. Les concepts de J.P. Farrell sur l’ÉgalitÉ et l’ÉquitÉ, le concept d’Élitisme de C.W. Mills, et les concepts de P. Bourdieu et de J. Coleman de capital culturel et social seront appliquÉs pour analyser les consÉquences de la rÉforme. Le papier soutient que la rÉforme de l’Éducation est sans doute bien intentionnÉe afin d’Éliminer quelques ÉlÉments d’inÉgalitÉ et d’injustice dans l’Éducation, mais que ceci se fait aux dÉpens du capital culturel et social de Hong Kong et mÈne au dÉveloppement de nouvelles formes d’inÉgalitÉ.

Zusammenfassung

BILDUNGSREFORM IN HONGKONG: DAS “THROUGH-ROAD”-MODELL UND SEINE GESELLSCHAFTLICHEN AUSWIRKUNGEN – Obwohl das Bildungssystem in Hongkong seit längerem aufgrund kreativer Mängel und seiner Überbetonung des Auswendiglernens kritisiert wird, leistete es im Großen und Ganzen doch gute Dienste und brachte eine hervorragende Geschäftswelt mit wissenschaftlichem und politischem FÜhrungspersonal hervor, welches in der Lage war, die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit Hongkongs sicherzustellen. In diesem Prozess spielten die traditionellen Eliteschulen eine tragende Rolle. Die weiterhin andauernde Bildungsreform will nun das gesamte System durch EinfÜhrung des “Through-Road”-Modells auf neue FÜße stellen. Zu diesem Zweck sollen verschiedene Mechanismen geändert werden, darunter die öffentlichen PrÜfungen, die Zulassung zur Primar- und Sekundarstufe, die Eingruppierung der SchÜler, sowie Schultypen, Lehrpläne und Beurteilungsmethoden. Der Beitrag analysiert die Konsequenzen dieser Reform mithilfe von J.P. Farrells Konzepten zur Gleichheit und Fairness, C.W. Mills Elitekonzept sowie den Konzepten von P. Bourdieu und J. Coleman zum kulturellen und sozialen Kapital. Er argumentiert, dass die Bildungsreform zwar in bester Absicht Elemente von Ungleichheit und Ungerechtigkeit abschaffen will, dass dies aber auf Kosten des kulturellen und sozialen Kapitals in Hongkong geschieht und zur Entwicklung neuer Formen der Ungleichheit fÜhrt.

Resumen

REFORMA EDUCATIVA EN HONG KONG: EL MODELO “THROUGH ROAD” Y SUS CONSECUENCIAS SOCIALES – Pese a que el sistema educativo de Hong Kong haya sido criticado durante un largo tiempo por falta de creatividad y énfasis excesivo del aprendizaje de memoria, en general ha beneficiado bastante a Hong Kong en los últimos años produciendo excelentes líderes empresarios, académicos y políticos que siguen manteniendo la fuerza competitiva de Hong Kong. En este proceso jugaron un papel esencial las tradicionales escuelas de elite. La reforma educativa, que aún se sigue desarrollando, apunta a una revisión completa del sistema, introduciendo el modelo through road o de vía directa. Para lograrlo, será necesario cambiar algunos mecanismos. Para analizar las consecuencias de la reforma, se aplicarán los conceptos de igualdad y equidad de J.P. Farrell, el concepto de elites de C.W. Mills y los conceptos de P. Bourdieu y J. Coleman del capital cultural y social. El trabajo sostiene que, aunque sean buenas las intenciones que se persiguen con la reforma educativa, eliminando algunos elementos de desigualdad e injusticia en la educación, esta reforma también afectará al capital cultural y social de Hong Kong y dará lugar al desarrollo de nuevas formas de desigualdad.

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Correspondence to Anita Y.K. Poon.

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Poon, A.Y., Wong, YC. Education Reform in Hong Kong: The “Through-Road” Model and its Societal Consequences. Int Rev Educ 54, 33–55 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-007-9073-9

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