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Differential Transcriptional Profiles of Dormancy-Related Genes in Apple Buds

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Abstract

The production of temperate fruit crops depends on plant developmental processes, primarily the shift from the juvenile phase to the reproductive phase, dormancy transitions and flowering. Apple tree (Malus × domestica Borkh.) development is regulated by chilling temperatures, which are required for bud dormancy progression. The apple cultivar Castel Gala is a spontaneous mutation of "Gala Standard". "Castel Gala" is characterized by a 50 % decrease in the chilling requirement (CR) for dormancy release, which results in an earlier budbreak. This work explores the contrasting phenotypes of these cultivars using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). From 1,019 unigenes identified by SSH, we selected 28 candidate genes putatively associated with dormancy cycling. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to validate the differential expression profiles and to transcriptionally characterize these genes in three distinct apple cultivars ("Castel Gala", "Royal Gala" and "Fuji Standard") during a cycle comprising growth to dormancy. Of the 28 candidate genes analyzed, 17 confirmed the differences in expression predicted by SSH. Seasonal transcript accumulation during the winter was observed for several genes, with higher steady-state mRNA levels maintained longer in cultivars with a high CR. The transcription profiles suggest that these genes may be associated with dormancy establishment and maintenance. Of the 17 candidate genes, transcripts coding for dormancy-associated MADS-box (DAM), dehydrins, GAST1, LTI65, NAC, HTA8, HTA12 and RAP2.12-like proteins displayed major differences in gene expression between cultivars through the winter. These genes were therefore considered good candidates for key roles in the dormancy process in apple trees.

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Abbreviations

ABA:

Abscisic acid

AP2:

APETALA2

ARC5:

Accumulation and replication of chloroplast 5

ARP6:

Actin-related protein 6

CAMTA1:

Calmodulin-binding transcription activator 1

CBF:

C-repeat binding factor

CO:

CONSTANS

COR:

Cold-regulated

CR:

Chilling requirement

CRT:

C-repeat

DAM:

Dormancy-associated MADS-box

DHN:

Dehydrin

DRE:

Dehydration-responsive element

DREB:

Dehydration-responsive element binding protein

EST:

Expressed sequence tag

FT:

FLOWERING LOCUS T

GAST1:

GA stimulated transcript 1

GO:

Gene ontology

GolS:

Galactinol synthase

GRAS:

GA insensitive, repressor of GA1, scarecrow

ICE1:

Inducer of CBF expression 1

LEA:

Late embryogenesis abundant

LOS1:

Low expression of osmotically responsive genes 1

LTI:

Low-temperature inducible

LTI65:

Low-temperature-induced 65

MDH:

Malate dehydrogenase

NAC:

No apical meristem

ATAF1/2:

Cup-shaped cotyledon 2

RAP2.12:

Related to APETALA2-12

RCI:

Rare cold inducible gene

RT-qPCR:

Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction

SCL:

Scarecrow-like

SD:

Short days

SSH:

Suppression subtractive hybridization

WD40:

Transcription factor WD40-like repeat domain

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge our colleagues at the Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (especially to M.Sc. Pâmela Perini and Ms. Marcela Czarnobay) and Laboratory of Plant Physiology at Embrapa Grape and Wine who helped us in many technical steps. We thank M.Sc. Rochele P. Kirch and Mrs. Jordana B. Ludwig (ACTGene Lab) for their technical assistance in DNA sequencing. We also thank "Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Estado de Santa Catarina" (EPAGRI, Caçador, SC, Brazil, especially to M.Sc. Frederico Denardi and Dr. Marcus V. Kvitschal), Mr. Décio Amorim (Papanduva, SC, Brazil) and Mr. Jânio Seccon (Monte Castelo, SC, Brazil) for providing us with the access to their apple orchards. This work was supported by "Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos" (FINEP, Brazil) [grant number 0107009700] and "Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária" (Embrapa, Brazil) [grant number 0207070070003]. VSF received a M.Sc. scholarship from "Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior" (CAPES, Ministry of Education, Brazil). DDP received a postdoctoral scholarship from "Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico" (CNPq, Ministry of Science and Technology, Brazil). GP and MPM are recipients of research fellowships from CNPq [grant numbers 311361/2009-9 and 306945/2009-6].

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  1. Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil

    Vítor da Silveira Falavigna, Márcia Margis-Pinheiro & Giancarlo Pasquali

  2. Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Uva e Vinho, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Rua Livramento, 515, P.O. Box 130, CEP 95700-000, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil

    Diogo Denardi Porto, Vanessa Buffon & Luís Fernando Revers

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  1. Vítor da Silveira Falavigna
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  2. Diogo Denardi Porto
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  3. Vanessa Buffon
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Luís Fernando Revers.

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The nucleotide sequences reported in this paper have been submitted to GenBank with the accession numbers JZ480898 to JZ482228.

V. S. Falavigna and D. D. Porto contributed equally to this work.

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Falavigna, V.d.S., Porto, D.D., Buffon, V. et al. Differential Transcriptional Profiles of Dormancy-Related Genes in Apple Buds. Plant Mol Biol Rep 32, 796–813 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-013-0690-0

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