Abstract
Aims
Plants deploying a phosphorus (P)-mobilising strategy via carboxylate release have relatively high leaf manganese concentrations ([Mn]). Thus, leaf [Mn] is a proxy for the amount of rhizosheath carboxylates. Whether the concentrations of other leaf micronutrient, such as iron ([Fe]), zinc ([Zn]) and copper ([Cu]), show a similar signal for rhizosheath carboxylates is unclear.
Methods
We grew a large number of chickpea genotypes in two glasshouse studies with different growth media, P sources and P levels. Seven weeks after sowing, we determined concentrations of micronutrients in mature leaves, and the quantity and composition of rhizosheath carboxylates.
Results
For 100 genotypes grown in river sand with low P supply, leaf [Fe] (R2 = 0.36) and [Zn] (R2 = 0.22), like leaf [Mn] (R2 = 0.38), were positively correlated with the total amount of rhizosheath carboxylates. For 20 genotypes grown in a soil mixture, leaf [Fe], [Zn], [Cu] and [Mn] showed positive correlations with total rhizosheath carboxylates that were stronger under moderately low P (R2 = 0.59, 0.59, 0.54, 0.72) than severely low P (R2 = 0.39, 0.28, 0.20, 0.36) or sufficient P (R2 = 0.36, 0.00, 0.01, 0.50) supply. Malonate was the predominant carboxylate in the rhizosheath and was significantly correlated with leaf micronutrient concentrations in both experiments.
Conclusions
In addition to leaf [Mn], leaf [Fe] and [Zn] can be used as alternative and easily measurable proxies for belowground carboxylate-releasing processes in chickpea under low-P supply, particularly on moderately low-P soils.
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Acknowledgments
This work was funded by the Australian Research Council Linkage Projects (LP200100341), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31772402, 31330070), and National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFE0101100, 2017YFD0200200). We thank Rob Creasy and Bill Piasini for help with maintaining the plants in the glasshouse, Greg Cawthray for help with the analysis of carboxylates, Michael Smirk for help with the micronutrient analyses, and Dr. Jing Dai for the constructive comments on results discussion. We also greatly appreciate the support from the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) providing a Ph.D. student visiting scholarship to Zhihui Wen.
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Z.W., J.P., M.H.R., J.S., K.H.M.S. and H.L. designed the study; Z.W. and J.P. performed the experiments and collected the data; Z.W., J.P., M.H.R., J.S., K.H.M.S. and H.L. analysed and interpreted the data; Z.W. led the writing of the manuscript. All authors contributed critically to the drafts and gave final approval for publication.
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Wen, Z., Pang, J., Ryan, M.H. et al. In addition to foliar manganese concentration, both iron and zinc provide proxies for rhizosheath carboxylates in chickpea under low phosphorus supply. Plant Soil 465, 31–46 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-04988-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-04988-9