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Root Defense Responses to Fungal Pathogens: A Molecular Perspective

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Abstract

This review will focus on the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying defense responses of roots to fungal pathogens. Soil-borne pathogens, including Phytophthora, Pythium, Fusarium, and Bipolaris, represent major sources of biotic stress in the rhizosphere and roots of plants. Molecular recognition and signaling leading to effective resistance has been demonstrated to occur between host and Phytophthora, or Pythium. The hypersensitive response and apoptotic cell death, two oxidative processes that limit biotrophic pathogens, generally act to exacerbate disease symptoms induced by necrotrophic organisms. Although pathogenesis-related proteins can be expressed in roots during pathogen challenge, salicylic acid has not been implicated in root-mediated interactions. Jasmonic acid and ethylene have been found to mediate parallel as well as synergistic pathways that confer partial tolerance to necrotrophic pathogens, as well as induced systemic resistance to root and foliar pathogens. Genomics approaches are revealing new networks of defense-signaling pathways, and have the potential of elucidating those pathways that are important in root-defense responses.

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Abbreviations

CEVI:

constitutive expression of VSPI (vegetative storage protein 1)

COI1:

coronatineinsensitive 1

E:

ethylene

EDS:

enhanced disease susceptibility

EIN:

ethylene-insensitive

ERF1:

ethylene response factor 1

ETR:

ethylene resistant

fad:

fatty acid desaturation

Ggt:

Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici

HR:

hypersensitive response

LRR:

leucine-rich repeat protein motif

JA:

jasmonic acid/jasmonate

NBS:

nucleotide binding site protein motif

PR:

pathogenesis-related

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

SA:

salicylic acid/salicylate

TLP:

thaumatin-like protein; PR-5

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  1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Root Disease and Biological Control Research Unit, and Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA

    Patricia A. Okubara & Timothy C. Paulitz

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  1. Patricia A. Okubara
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  2. Timothy C. Paulitz
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Correspondence to Patricia A. Okubara.

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Okubara, P.A., Paulitz, T.C. Root Defense Responses to Fungal Pathogens: A Molecular Perspective. Plant Soil 274, 215–226 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-004-7328-9

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