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Comparison of phytohormone levels and transcript profiles during seasonal dormancy transitions in underground adventitious buds of leafy spurge

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Abstract

Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is an herbaceous perennial weed that maintains its perennial growth habit through generation of underground adventitious buds (UABs) on the crown and lateral roots. These UABs undergo seasonal phases of dormancy under natural conditions, namely para-, endo-, and ecodormancy in summer, fall, and winter, respectively. These dormancy phases can also be induced in growth chambers by manipulating photoperiod and temperature. In this study, UABs induced into the three phases of dormancy under controlled conditions were used to compare changes in phytohormone and transcriptome profiles. Results indicated that relatively high levels of ABA, the ABA metabolite PA, and IAA were found in paradormant buds. When UABs transitioned from para- to endodormancy, ABA and PA levels decreased, whereas IAA levels were maintained. Additionally, transcript profiles associated with regulation of soluble sugars and ethylene activities were also increased during para- to endodormancy transition, which may play some role in maintaining endodormancy status. When crown buds transitioned from endo- to ecodormancy, the ABA metabolites PA and DPA decreased significantly along with the down-regulation of ABA biosynthesis genes, ABA2 and NCED3. IAA levels were also significantly lower in ecodormant buds than that of endodormant buds. We hypothesize that extended cold treatment may trigger physiological stress in endodormant buds, and that these stress-associated signals induced the endo- to ecodormancy transition and growth competence. The up-regulation of NAD/NADH phosphorylation and dephosphorylation pathway, and MAF3-like and GRFs genes, may be considered as markers of growth competency.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge Wayne A. Sargent, USDA-ARS, Fargo, ND for his technical assistance; Cheryl A. Huckle, USDA-ARS, Fargo, ND for growing leafy spurge; and Dr. Mark West, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO for assistance in statistical analysis.

Author contributions

WSC and MD contributed equally to this work. WSC, MD, DPH, JVA, and MEF conceived and designed the experiments. WSC and MD performed the experiments. MD analyzed the data. WSC wrote the paper. WSC, MD, DPH, JVA, and MEF revised and approved the final manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biosciences Research Lab, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard N., Fargo, ND, 58102-2765, USA

    Wun S. Chao, Münevver Doğramacı, David P. Horvath, James V. Anderson & Michael E. Foley

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  1. Wun S. Chao
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  2. Münevver Doğramacı
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  3. David P. Horvath
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  4. James V. Anderson
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  5. Michael E. Foley
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Correspondence to Wun S. Chao.

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Additional information

Wun S. Chao and Münevver Doğramacı have contributed equally to this work.

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11103_2017_607_MOESM1_ESM.xlsx

Table S1—Number of raw fragments, number of trimmed fragments, and contig represented in each of the 12 RNAseq samples. (XLSX 9 KB)

Table S2—RNAseq master file. (XLSX 40234 KB)

Table S3—Primers used for RT-qPCR analysis. (XLSX 40 KB)

Table S4—Heat map diagram showing changes in transcript abundance obtained by RNAseq vs. RT-qPCR analysis. (XLSX 36 KB)

11103_2017_607_MOESM5_ESM.xlsx

Table S5—Hormone-related genes that are significant and differentially-expressed based on RNAseq analysis. (XLSX 804 KB)

11103_2017_607_MOESM6_ESM.xlsx

Table S6—AraCyc pathways that are over-represented for comparisons Endo vs. Para and Eco vs. Endo based on GSEA. (XLSX 78 KB)

Table S7—Central hubs for expression targets, small molecules, and miRNA targets based on SNEA. (XLSX 20 KB)

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Chao, W.S., Doğramacı, M., Horvath, D.P. et al. Comparison of phytohormone levels and transcript profiles during seasonal dormancy transitions in underground adventitious buds of leafy spurge. Plant Mol Biol 94, 281–302 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-017-0607-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-017-0607-7

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