Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evolutionary and functional study of the CDPK gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

  • Published:
Plant Molecular Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are crucial sensors of calcium concentration changes in plant cells under diverse endogenous and environmental stimuli. We identified 20 CDPK genes from bread wheat and performed a comprehensive study on their structural, functional and evolutionary characteristics. Full-length cDNA sequences of 14 CDPKs were obtained using various approaches. Wheat CDPKs were found to be similar to their counterparts in rice in genomic structure, GC content, subcellular localization, and subgroup classification. Divergence time estimation of wheat CDPK gene pairs and wheat–rice orthologs suggested that most duplicated genes already existed in the common ancestor of wheat and rice. The number of CDPKs in diploid wheat genome was estimated to be at least 26, a number close to that in rice, Arabidopsis, and poplar. However, polymorphism among EST sequences uncovered transcripts of all three homoeologous alleles for 13 out of 20 CDPKs. Thus, the hexaploid wheat should have 2–3 fold more CDPK genes expressing in their cells than the diploid species. Wheat CDPK genes were found to respond to various biotic and abiotic stimuli, including cold, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), salt, drought, powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis tritici, Bgt), as well as phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA). Each CDPK gene often responded to multiple treatments, suggesting that wheat CDPKs are converging points for multiple signal transduction pathways. The current work represents the first comprehensive study of CDPK genes in bread wheat and provides a foundation for further functional study of this important gene family in Triticeae.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ABA:

Abscisic acid

Bgt :

Blumeria graminis tritici

CDPK:

Calcium-dependent protein kinase

GA:

Gibberellin

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

MYA:

Million years ago

NLS:

Nuclear localization signal

References

  • Asano T, Kunieda N, Omura Y, Ibe H, Kawasaki T, Takano M, Sato M, Furuhashi H, Mujin T, Takaiwa F, Wu C-Y, Tada Y, Satozawa T, Sakamoto M, Shimada H (2002) Rice SPK, a calmodulin-like domain protein kinase, is required for storage product accumulation during seed development: phosphorylation of sucrose synthase is a possible factor. Plant Cell 14:619–628

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asano T, Tanaka N, Yang GX, Hayashi N, Komatsu S (2005) Genome-wide identification of the rice calcium-dependent protein kinase and its closely related kinase gene families: comprehensive analysis of the CDPKs gene family in rice. Plant Cell Physiol 46:356–366

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Botella JR, Arteca JM, Somodevilla M, Arteca RN (1996) Calcium dependent protein kinase gene expression in response to physical and chemical stimuli in mungbean (Vigna radiata). Plant Mol Biol 30:1129–1137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camoni L, Harper JF, Palmgren MG (1998) 14-3-3 proteins activate a plant calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK). FEBS Lett 430:381–384

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng SH, Willmann MR, Chen HC, Sheen J (2002) Calcium signaling through protein kinases. The Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase gene family. Plant Physiol 129:469–485

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chico JM, Raices M, Tellez-Inon MT, Ulloa RM (2002) A calcium-dependent protein kinase is systemically induced upon wounding in tomato plants. Plant Physiol 128:256–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clamp M, Cuff J, Searle SM, Barton GJ (2004) The Jalview Java alignment editor. Bioinform 20:426–427

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubcovsky J, Dvorak J (2007) Genome plasticity a key factor in the success of polyploid wheat under domestication. Science 316:1862–1866

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dvorak J, Luo MC, Yang ZL, Zhang HB (1998) The structure of the Aegilops tauschii gene pool and the evolution of hexaploid wheat. Theor Appl Genet 97:657–670

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eddy SR (1998) Profile hidden markov models. Bioinform 14:755–763

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estruch JJ, Kadwell S, Merlin E, Crossland L (1994) Cloning and characterization of a maize pollen-specific calcium-dependent calmodulin-independent protein kinase. PNAS 91:8837–8841

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falquet L, Pagni M, Bucher P, Hulo N, Sigrist CJA, Hofmann K, Bairoch A (2002) The PROSITE database, its status in 2002. Nucleic Acids Res 30:235–238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frattini M, Morello L, Breviario D (1999) Rice calcium-dependent protein kinase isoforms OsCDPK2 and OsCDPK11 show different responses to light and different expression patterns during seed development. Plant Mol Biol 41:753–764

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gargantini PR, Gonzalez-Rizzo S, Chinchilla D, Raices M, Giammaria V, Ulloa RM, Frugier F, Crespi MD (2006) A CDPK isoform participates in the regulation of nodule number in Medicago truncatula. Plant J 48:843–856

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaut BS, Morton BR, McCaig BC, Clegg MT (1996) Substitution rate comparisons between grasses and palms: synonymous rate differences at the nuclear gene Adh parallel rate differences at the plastid gene rbcL. PNAS 93:10274–10279

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harmon AC, Gribskov M, Gubrium E, Harper JF (2001) The CDPK superfamily of protein kinases. New Phytologist 151:175–183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harper JF, Harmon A (2005) Plants, symbiosis and parasites: a calcium signalling connection. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:555–566

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harper JF, Sussman MR, Schaller GE, Putnam-Evans C, Charbonneau H, Harmon AC (1991) A calciumdependent protein kinase with a regulatory domain similar to calmodulin. Science 252:951–954

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez SC, Hardin SC, Clouse SD, Keiber JJ, Huber SC (2004) Identification of a new motif for CDPK. Phosphorylation in vitro that suggests ACC synthase may be a CDPK substrate. Arch Biochem Biophys 428:81–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hrabak EM, Chan CWM, Gribskov M, Harper JF, Choi JH, Halford N, Kudla J, Luan S, Nimmo HG, Sussman MR, Thomas M, Walker-Simmons K, Zhu J-K, Harmon AC (2003) The Arabidopsis CDPK-SnRK superfamily of protein kinases. Plant Physiol 132:666–680

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang SX, Sirikhachornkit A, Su XJ, Faris J, Gill B, Haselkorn R, Gornicki P (2002) Genes encoding plastid acetyl-CoA carboxylase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase of the Triticum/Aegilops complex and the evolutionary history of polyploid wheat. PNAS 99:8133–8138

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishino T, Orito Y, Chinzei Y, Yuda M (2006) A calcium-dependent protein kinase regulates Plasmodium ookinete access to the midgut epithelial cell. Mol Microbiol 59:1175–1184

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaaska V (1980) Electrophoretic survey of seedling esterases in wheats in relation to their phylogeny. Plant Syst Evol 137:259–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kellogg EA (1998) Relationships of cereal crops and other grasses. PNAS 95:2005–2010

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klimecka M, Muszyńska G (2007) Structure and functions of plant calcium-dependent protein kinases. Acta Biochimica Polonica 54:219–233

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Komatsu S, Yang G, Khan M, Onodera H, Toki S, Yamaguchi M (2007) Over-expression of calcium-dependent protein kinase 13 and calreticulin interacting protein 1 confers cold tolerance on rice plants. Mol Genet Genomics 277:713–723

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M (2004) MEG3: Integrated software for molecular evolution genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Brief Bioinform 5:150–163

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li WH (1997) Molecular evolution. Sinauer associates, Inc., Sunderland

  • Luan S, Kudla J, Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Yalovsky S, Gruissem W (2002) Calmodulins and calcineurin B-like proteins: calcium sensors for specific signal response coupling in plants. Plant Cell 14:S389–S400

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lubbers EL, Gill KS, Cox TS, Gill BS (1991) Variation of molecular marker among geographically diverse accessions of Triticum tauschii. Genome 34:354–361

    Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig AA, Romeis T, Jones JDG (2004) CDPK-mediated signalling pathways: specificity and cross-talk. J Exp Bot 55:181–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig AA, Saitoh H, Felix G, Freymark G, Miersch O, Wasternack C, Boller T, Jones JDG, Romeis T (2005) Ethylene-mediated cross-talk between calcium-dependent protein kinase and MAPK signaling controls stress responses in plants. PNAS 102:10736–10741

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Noël G, Nagaraj VJ, Calo G, Wiemken A, Pontis HG (2007) Sucrose regulated expression of a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (TaCDPK1) gene in excised leaves of wheat. Plant Physiol Biochem 45:410–419

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McFadden ES, Sears ER (1946) The origin of triticum speleta and its free-threshing hexaploid relatives. J Hered 37:81–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Mori IC, Murata Y, Yang Y, Munemasa S, Wang YF, Andreoli S, Tiriac H, Alonso JM, Harper JF, Ecker JR, Kwak JM, Schroeder JI (2006) CDPKs CPK6 and CPK3 function in ABA regulation of guard cell s-type anion- and Ca2+-permeable channels and stomatal closure. PLOS Biology 4:1749–1762

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murillo I, Jaeck E, Cordero MJ, San Segundo. B (2001) Transcriptional activation of a maize calcium-dependent protein kinase gene in response to fungal elicitors and infection. Plant Mol Biol 45:145–158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray MG, Thompson WF (1980) Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 8:4321–4325

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patharkar OR, Cushman JC (2000) A stress-induced calcium-dependent protein kinase from Mesembryanthemum crystallinum phosphyorylates a two-component pseudo-response regulator. Plant J 24:679–691

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qi LL, Echalier B, Chao S, Lazo GR, Butler GE, Anderson OD, Akhunov ED, Dvorak J, Linkiewicz AM, Ratnasiri A, Dubcovsky J, Bermudez-Kandianis CE, Greene RA, Kantety R, La Rota CM, Munkvold JD, Sorrells SF, Sorrells ME, Dilbirligi M, Sidhu D, Erayman M, Randhawa HS, Sandhu D, Bondareva SN, Gill KS, Mahmoud AA, Ma XF, Miftahudin, Gustafson JP, Conley EJ, Nduati V, Gonzalez-Hernandez JL, Anderson JA, Peng JH, Lapitan NLV, Hossain KG, Kalavacharla V, Kianian SF, Pathan MS, Zhang DS, Nguyen HT, Choi DW, Fenton RD, Close TJ, McGuire PE, Qualset CO, Gill BS (2004) A chromosome bin map of 16,000 expressed sequence tag loci and distribution of genes among the three genomes of polyploid wheat. Genetics 168:701–712

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishna W, Dubcovsky J, Park Y-J, Busso C, Emberton J, SanMiguel P, Bennetzen JL (2002) Different types and rates of genome evolution detected by comparative sequence analysis of orthologous segments from four cereal genomes. Genetics 162:1389–1400

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ray S, Agarwal P, Arora R, Kapoor S, Tyagi A (2007) Expression analysis of calcium-dependent protein kinase gene family during reproductive development and abiotic stress conditions in rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica). Mol Gen Genet 278:493–505

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy AS (2001) Calcium: silver bullet in signalling. Plant Sci 160:381–404

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romeis T, Ludwig AA, Martin R, Jones JDG (2001) Calcium-dependent protein kinase play an essential role in a plant defence response. EMBO J 20:5556–5567

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saijo Y, Hata S, Kyozuka J, Shimamoto K, Izui K (2000) Over-expression of a single Ca2+-dependent protein kinase confers both cold and salt/drought tolerance on rice plants. Plant J 23:319–327

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saitou N, Nei M (1987) The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4:406–425

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders D, Pelloux J. Brownlee C, Harper JF (2002) Calcium at the crossroads of signalling. Plant Cell 14:S401–S417

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheen J (1996) Ca2+-dependent protein kinases and stress signal transduction in plants. Science 274:1900–1905

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snedden WA, Fromm H (1998) Calmodulin, calmodulin-related proteins and plant responses to the environment. Trends Plant Sci 3:299–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snedden WA, Fromm H (2001) The calcium and calmodulin signaling network in plants. New Phytologist 151:35–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suyama M, Torrents D, Bork P (2006) PAL2NAL: robust conversion of protein sequence alignments into the corresponding codon alignments. Nucleic Acids Res 34 Web Server issue W609–W612

  • Szczegielniak J, Klimecka M, Liwosz A, Ciesielski A, Kaczanowski S, Dobrowolska G, Harmon AC, Muszynska G (2005) A woundresponsive and phospholipid-regulated maize calcium-dependent protein kinase. Plant Physiol 139:1970–1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szczegielniak J, Liwosz A, Jurkowski I, Loog M, Dobrowolska G, Ek P. Harmon AC, Muszyńska G (2000) Calcium-dependent protein kinase from maize seedlings activated by phospholipids. Eur J Biochem 267:3818–3827

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talbert LE, Clack TH (1991) Identification of D-genome chromosomes of chinese spring of Sourthern blots using gnome-specific repetative DNA. J Hered 82:509–512

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ (1994) CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 22:4673–4680

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trewavas AJ, Malho R (1998) Ca2+ signaling in plant cells: the big network! Curr Opin Plant Biol 1:428–433

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai TM, Chen YR, Kao TW, Tsay WS, Wu CP, Huang DD, Chen WH, Chang CC, Huang HJ (2007) PaCDPK1, a gene encoding calcium-dependent protein kinase from orchid, Phalaenopsis amabilis, is induced by cold, wounding, and pathogen challenge. Plant Cell Rep 26:1899–1908

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuskan GA, DiFazio S, Jansson S, Bohlmann J, Grigoriev I, Hellsten U, Putnam N, Ralph S, Rombauts S, Salamov A, Schein J, Sterck L, Aerts A, Bhalerao RR, Bhalerao RP, Blaudez D, Boerjan W, Brun A, Brunner A, Busov V, Campbell M, Carlson J, Chalot M, Chapman J, Chen GL, Cooper D, Coutinho PM, Couturier J, Covert S, Cronk Q, Cunningham R, Davis J, Degroeve S, Dejardin A, dePamphilis C, Detter J, Dirks B, Dubchak I, Duplessis S, Ehlting J, Ellis B, Gendler K, Goodstein D, Gribskov M, Grimwood J, Groover A, Gunter L, Hamberger B, Heinze B, Helariutta Y, Henrissat B, Holligan D, Holt R, Huang W, Islam-Faridi N, Jones S, Jones-Rhoades M, Jorgensen R, Joshi C, Kangasjarvi J, Karlsson J, Kelleher C, Kirkpatrick R, Kirst M, Kohler A, Kalluri U, Larimer F, Leebens-Mack J, Leple JC, Locascio P, Lou Y, Lucas S, Martin F, Montanini B, Napoli C, Nelson DR, Nelson C, Nieminen K, Nilsson O, Pereda V, Peter G, Philippe R, Pilate G, Poliakov A, Razumovskaya J, Richardson P, Rinaldi C, Ritland K, Rouze P, Ryaboy D, Schmutz J, Schrader J, Segerman B, Shin H, Siddiqui A, Sterky F, Terry A, Tsai CJ, Uberbacher E, Unneberg P, Vahala J, Wall K, Wessler S, Yang G, Yin T, Douglas C, Marra M, Sandberg G, Van de Peer Y, Rokhsar D (2006) The genome of black cottonwood, populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray). Science 313:1596–1604

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urao T, Katagiri T, Mizoguchi T, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Hayashida N, Shinozaki K (1994) Two genes that encode Ca2+-dependent protein kinases are induced by drought and high-salt stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Gen Genet 244:331–340

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wan B, Lin Y, Mou T (2007) Expression of rice Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) genes under different environmental stresses. FEBS Lett 581:1179–1189

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang G, Kong H, Sun Y, Zhang X, Zhang W, Altman N, DePamphilis CW, Ma H (2004) Genome-wide analysis of the cyclin family in Arabidopsis and comparative phylogenetic analysis of plant cyclin-like proteins. Plant Physiol 135:1084–1099

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe KH, Gouy M, Yang YW, Sharp PM, Li WH (1989) Data of the monocot–dicot divergence estimated from chloroplast DNA sequence data. PNAS 86:6201–6205

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong GKS, Wang J, Tao L, Tan J, Zhang JG, Passey DA, Yu J (2002) Compositional gradients in gramineae genes. Genome Res 12:851–856

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang G, Komatsu S (2001) Involvement of Calcium-dependent protein kinase in rice (Oryza sativa L.) lamina inclination caused by brassinolide. Plant Cell Physiol 41:1243–1250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang ZH (1997) PAML: a program package for phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood. Comput Appl Biosci 13:555–556

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu XC, Zhu SY, Gao GF, Wang XJ, Zhao R, Zou KQ, Wang XF, Zhang XY, Wu FQ, Peng CC, Zhang DP (2007) Expression of a grape calcium-dependent protein kinase ACPK1 in Arabidopsis thaliana promotes plant growth and confers abscisic acid-hypersensitivity in germination, postgermination growth, and stomatal movement. Plant Mol Biol 64:531–538

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang XQ, Chollet R (1997) Seryl-phosphorylation of soybean nodule sucrose synthase (nodulin-100) by a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase. FEBS Lett 410:126–130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu SY, Yu XC, Wang XJ, Zhao R, Li Y, Fan RC, Shang Y, Du SY, Wang XF, Wu FQ, Xu YH, Zhang XY, Zhang DP (2007) Two calcium-dependent protein kinases, CPK4 and CPK11, regulate abscisic acid signal transduction in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 19:3019–3036

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work is supported in part by Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, #30771336), National HITECH Research and Development Program of China (“863” program, #2006AA10A104), and National Basic Research Program of China (“973” program, #2004CB117200). We thank Drs. Franziska Turck and Bekir Ülker at Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding for providing C-GFP vector. We also thank Dr. Yongfu Fu for his help in vector construction and Mr. Charlse H. Leseberg’s critical reading of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm & Biotechnology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, P.R. China

    Ai-Li Li, Yuan-Fang Zhu, Xiao-Mei Tan, Xiang Wang, Bo Wei, Han-Zi Guo, Zeng-Lin Zhang, Xiao-Bo Chen, Guang-Yao Zhao, Xiu-Ying Kong, Ji-Zeng Jia & Long Mao

  2. Colleage of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya-an, Sichuan, 625014, P.R. China

    Xiao-Mei Tan

  3. Institute of Crop Sciences & National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China

    Long Mao

Authors
  1. Ai-Li Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yuan-Fang Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Xiao-Mei Tan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xiang Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Bo Wei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Han-Zi Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Zeng-Lin Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Xiao-Bo Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Guang-Yao Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Xiu-Ying Kong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Ji-Zeng Jia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Long Mao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Long Mao.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

(DOC 79 kb)

(DOC 99 kb)

(DOC 76 kb)

(DOC 87 kb)

(DOC 33 kb)

(DOC 54 kb)

(DOC 44 kb)

(DOC 63 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Li, AL., Zhu, YF., Tan, XM. et al. Evolutionary and functional study of the CDPK gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Mol Biol 66, 429–443 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-007-9281-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-007-9281-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation