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Modulation of Inflammatory Mediators and Microglial Activation Through Physical Exercise in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson's Diseases

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Abstract

Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory process in the central nervous system (CNS), in addition to being one of the main features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Microglia are known for their immune functions and have multiple reactive phenotypes related to the types of stages involving neurodegenerative diseases. Depending on the state of activation of microglia in the CNS, it can be neuroprotective or neurotoxic. In this context, AD is a neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disease characterized by the deposition of beta-amyloid plaques, formation of fibrillar tangles of tau protein, and loss of neurons due to neurotoxic activation of microglia. However, PD is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and accumulation of alpha-synuclein in the cortical regions, spinal cord, and brain stem, which occurs by microglial activation, contributing to the neuroinflammatory process. In this aspect, the activation of microglia in both pathologies triggers high levels of inflammatory markers, such as interleukins, and causes the neuroinflammatory process of the diseases. Thus, physical exercise is pointed out as neuroprotective, as it can act to strengthen neurogenesis and reduce the inflammatory process. Therefore, the present review addresses the neuroprotective effect of microglia after different types of physical exercise protocols and evaluates the activity and effects of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory parameters and mechanisms of AD and PD. This review will discuss the anti-inflammatory effects of physical exercise through microglia activation with neuroprotective activity and the role of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in AD and PD.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate Program in Physical Education From Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

    Erin John Rieger de Almeida & Andréia Machado Cardoso

  2. Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Fronteira Sul, SC, Brazil

    Hélio Jungkenn Ibrahim

  3. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

    Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger

  4. Department of Small Animal Clinic, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria-RS, Room 121, Veterinary Hospital Building, Avenue Roraima No. 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil

    Cinthia Melazzo de Andrade

  5. Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences From Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Campus Chapecó, Rodovia SC 484 - Km 02, Fronteira Sul, SC, 89815-899, Brazil

    Andréia Machado Cardoso

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  1. Erin John Rieger de Almeida
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de Almeida, E.J.R., Ibrahim, H.J., Chitolina Schetinger, M.R. et al. Modulation of Inflammatory Mediators and Microglial Activation Through Physical Exercise in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson's Diseases. Neurochem Res 47, 3221–3240 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-022-03713-x

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