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Development of risk-based nanomaterial groups for occupational exposure control

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Abstract

Given the almost limitless variety of nanomaterials, it will be virtually impossible to assess the possible occupational health hazard of each nanomaterial individually. The development of science-based hazard and risk categories for nanomaterials is needed for decision-making about exposure control practices in the workplace. A possible strategy would be to select representative (benchmark) materials from various mode of action (MOA) classes, evaluate the hazard and develop risk estimates, and then apply a systematic comparison of new nanomaterials with the benchmark materials in the same MOA class. Poorly soluble particles are used here as an example to illustrate quantitative risk assessment methods for possible benchmark particles and occupational exposure control groups, given mode of action and relative toxicity. Linking such benchmark particles to specific exposure control bands would facilitate the translation of health hazard and quantitative risk information to the development of effective exposure control practices in the workplace. A key challenge is obtaining sufficient dose–response data, based on standard testing, to systematically evaluate the nanomaterials’ physical–chemical factors influencing their biological activity. Categorization processes involve both science-based analyses and default assumptions in the absence of substance-specific information. Utilizing data and information from related materials may facilitate initial determinations of exposure control systems for nanomaterials.

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Notes

  1. A benchmark dose (BMD) is the dose associated with a specified increase (e.g., 10 %) in the probability of a given response known as the benchmark response (BMR) (Crump 1984). The BMD is a maximum likelihood estimate, and the BMDL is the 95 % LCL of the BMD.

  2. A critical effect level of 0.1 % excess risk of lung cancer is estimated in this example by linear extrapolation of the 10 % BMD and BMDL estimates. The BMD(L) estimates are based on lung burden at the end of the two-yr exposure if those data were available or on airborne exposure concentration otherwise.

  3. For those particles with 2-yr rat lung burden data, the rat critical lung dose (as particle mass or surface area dose per g lung) was converted to mg/lung to use as the target lung dose in a human lung dosimetry model (assuming average worker lung weight of 1000 g) (ICRP 1975) (CIIT and RIVM 2006). For those particles without 2-yr rat lung burden data, the deposited daily dose (mg/d) was calculated by accounting for the species differences in ventilation rates and alveolar deposition fractions (Kuempel et al. 2006).

  4. Human-equivalent 45-yr working lifetime concentrations were estimated in a human lung dosimetry model (CIIT and RIVM 2006) for those particles with rat lung burden data. For those particles without rat lung burden data, the human 8-hr TWA concentrations were estimated by adjusting for the species differences in the alveolar surface area (102 m2 human/0.4 m2 rat), particle size-specific deposition fraction, and ventilation (assuming reference worker rate of 9.6 m3/8-hr d) (ICRP 1994) (Kuempel et al. 2006).

  5. The greater tumor potency of Ni3S2 compared to NiO may be due to oxidative DNA damage (8-OH-dG), which was observed in cultured cells treated with Ni3S2, but not in cells treated with NiO or NiSO4 (Kawanishi et al. 2002).

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Acknowledgement

We would like to thank Mr. Randall Smith for helpful discussions concerning statistical aspects of this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Education and Information Division NTRC, Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, OH, USA

    E. D. Kuempel, C. L. Geraci & P. A. Schulte

  2. Health Effects Laboratory Division and NTRC, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV, USA

    V. Castranova

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  1. E. D. Kuempel
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Correspondence to E. D. Kuempel.

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This article is part of the Topical Collection on Nanotechnology, Occupational and Environmental Health

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Kuempel, E.D., Castranova, V., Geraci, C.L. et al. Development of risk-based nanomaterial groups for occupational exposure control. J Nanopart Res 14, 1029 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-1029-8

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