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On the origin of Solanum nigrum: can networks help?

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Abstract

Black nightshades are a group of species best known for their ‘poisonous’ or noxious weedy reputation. It is not so well known that species of this group serve as emerging food source in many countries worldwide especially in the African continent. Despite the fact that the section has recently been studied extensively, taxonomy is still unsettled and debated because of inter- and intraspecific hybridization, phenotypic plasticity and polyploidization. In this study we analyze the genetic relationships among diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species of sect. Solanum, which have possibly taken part in the formation of Solanum nigrum, utilizing multi-locus (SCoT, ISSR) markers combined with chloroplast trnL-F sequence data and morphological characters. We scored 51 morphological characters united with SCoT (171), ISSR (224) and trnL-F (1042), for simultaneous analysis of 49 terminals and 1488 characters. The topology of the tree is concordant with the results of the network analysis. In the phylogenetic networks, all the accessions of the diploid species shared a split with all of the polyploid species. This reflected a high portion of shared ISSR and SCoT bands between diploids and polyploids. In addition, a strong split divided the diploid species. The history of S. nigrum might be reticulate with hybrid speciation playing an important rule. Genetically differentiated diploids in few combinations have created a series of genetically distinct polyploid populations. The insufficient isolation that permitted further recombination between ancient polyploids and diploids have resulted in high level of genotypic and phenotypic polymorphism. This high level of novel genomic variability obviously enabled species to succeed in their new environment.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the staff of the Potato Research Center, University of Pannonia for their work; and several Botanical Gardens, collectors for the plant material. A special thank is due to the Staff of the Biotechnology Group, University of Pannonia for general assistance and facilities. This study was supported by the CIMO Research Fellowship Grant and by the MÖBCIMO Finnish Government's Scholarship provided for the first author. The authors also thank Dr. Jennifer Edmonds for comments regarding this study.

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  1. Plant Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland

    Péter Poczai & Jaakko Hyvönen

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  1. Péter Poczai
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  2. Jaakko Hyvönen
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Correspondence to Péter Poczai.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

ESM 1

List of morphological characters and their states. (XLS 23 kb)

This file is unfortunately not in the Publisher's archive anymore: Coded morphological data matrix in Nexus file format. Nexus files are used as a standard format by many popular phylogenetic programs. They are readable by a wide range of software. (NEX 7 kb)

ESM 3

Details of the ISSR and SCoT primers with calculated PIC and H values. (XLS 22 kb)

This file is unfortunately not in the Publisher's archive anymore: The complied total evidence matrix in Nexus file format. Nexus files are used as a standard format by many popular phylogenetic programs. They are readable by a wide range of software (NEX 75 kb)

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Poczai, P., Hyvönen, J. On the origin of Solanum nigrum: can networks help?. Mol Biol Rep 38, 1171–1185 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y

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