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Behavioral and neurochemical effects of proline

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Abstract

Proline is an amino acid with an essential role for primary metabolism and physiologic functions. Hyperprolinemia results from the deficiency of specific enzymes for proline catabolism, leading to tissue accumulation of this amino acid. Hyperprolinemic patients can present neurological symptoms and brain abnormalities, whose aetiopathogenesis is poorly understood. This review addresses some of the findings obtained, mainly from animal studies, indicating that high proline levels may be associated to neuropathophysiology of some disorders. In this context, it has been suggested that energy metabolism deficit, Na+,K+-ATPase, kinase creatine, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, lipid content, as well as purinergic and cholinergic systems are involved in the effect of proline on brain damage and spatial memory deficit. The discussion focuses on the relatively low antioxidant defenses of the brain and the vulnerability of neural tissue to reactive species. This offers new perspectives for potential therapeutic strategies for this condition, which may include the early use of appropriate antioxidants as a novel adjuvant therapy, besides the usual treatment based on special diets poor in proline.

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Acknowledgements

We dedicate this review to Dr. Clovis M.D. Wannmacher and Dr. Moacir Wajner, who were supervisors of the Master degree and of the PhD degree of Dr. Angela T.S. Wyse. Professor Wannmacher initiated work with Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM) in Brazil in 1970, after which Dr. Moacir Wajner and Dr. Roberto Giugliani were incorporated and an IEM group was created in 1998, the group of IEM of the Metabolism of Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul is formed by Professors Clovis Wannmacher, Moacir Wajner, Carlos S. Dutra-Filho and Angela T.S. Wyse.

We thank Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio and Andréa Kurek Ferreira for figure designs.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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  1. Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

    Angela T. S. Wyse & Carlos Alexandre Netto

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  1. Angela T. S. Wyse
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Correspondence to Angela T. S. Wyse.

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Wyse, A.T.S., Netto, C.A. Behavioral and neurochemical effects of proline. Metab Brain Dis 26, 159–172 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-011-9246-x

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