Abstract
The citrate–nitrate, sol–gel technique was used to prepare two different composites in the ZrO2–Al2O3–TiO2 system. The influence of two various compositions and calcination temperatures on the phase transformation and microstructure was investigated by the simultaneous thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that while the combustion intensity was vigorous for the stoichiometric sample (ZAT-1) at 346 °C, the combustion occurs at a temperature range (270–500 °C) for the alumina-rich sample (ZAT-2). FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of complex compounds with citrate ligands. The XRD patterns revealed ZrTiO4 formation at 900 °C in both samples due to its thermodynamic stability; surprisingly, in stoichiometric samples calcined at 1100 °C, Al2TiO5 and monoclinic ZrO2 phases were detected, which indicated ZrTiO4 decomposition, whereas in alumina-rich samples, no ZrTiO4 decomposition was observed. The SEM micrographs also showed orthorhombic particles of ZrTiO4 with average particle size around 100 nm for the stoichiometric sample calcined at 1100 °C.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kim IJ, Cao G (2002) Low thermal expansion behavior and thermal durability of ZrTiO4–Al2TiO5–Fe2O3 ceramics between 750 and 1400 °C. J Eur Ceram Soc 22:2627–2632. doi:10.1016/S0955-2219(02)00126-7
Ahmed MA, Abdel-Messih MF (2011) Structural and nano-composite features of TiO2–Al2O3 powders prepared by sol–gel method. J Alloys Compd 509:2154–2159. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.10.172
Zaharescu M, Crisan M, Preda M et al (2003) Al2TiO5-based ceramics obtained by hydrothermal process. J Optoelectron Adv Mater 5:1411–1416
Kim HC, Lee KS, Kweon OS et al (2007) Crack healing, reopening and thermal expansion behavior of Al2TiO5 ceramics at high temperature. J Eur Ceram Soc 27:1431–1434. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.04.024
Imagawa H, Tanaka T, Takahashi N et al (2009) Titanium-doped nanocomposite of Al2O3 and ZrO2–TiO2 as a support with high sulfur durability for NO x storage-reduction catalyst. Appl Catal B Environ 86:63–68. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.07.019
Kim IJ (2010) Thermal stability of Al2TiO5 ceramics for new diesel particulate filter applications—a literature review. J Ceram Process Res 11:411–418
Jeffrey NB (2004) Increasing the thermal stability of aluminium titanate for solid oxide fuel cell anodes. Research Symposium II, PA, USA
Buscaglia V, Nanni P, Battilana G et al (1994) Reaction sintering of aluminium titanate: I—effect of MgO addition. J Eur Ceram Soc 13:411–417. doi:10.1016/0955-2219(94)90018-3
De Arenas IB (2012) Reactive sintering of aluminum titanate, sintering of ceramics—new emerging techniques. In: Lakshmanan A (ed) ISBN: 978-953-51-0017-1, InTech. Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/sintering-of-ceramics-new-emerging-techniques/reactive-sintering-ofaluminum-titanate
Lin HL, Chiang RK, Kuo CL, Chang CW (2007) Synthesis of BaCeO3 powders by a fast aqueous citrate–nitrate process. J Non Cryst Solids 353:1188–1194. doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.09.042
Saberi A, Negahdari Z, Alinejad B, Golestani-Fard F (2009) Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline forsterite through citrate–nitrate route. Ceram Int 35:1705–1708. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2008.09.007
Reddy BM, Reddy GK, Rao KN et al (2009) Characterization and photocatalytic activity of TiO2–M x O y (M x O y = SiO2, Al2O3, and ZrO2) mixed oxides synthesized by microwave-induced solution combustion technique. J Mater Sci 44:4874–4882. doi:10.1007/s10853-009-3743-x
Behera SK, Barpanda P, Pratihar SK, Bhattacharyya S (2004) Synthesis of magnesium–aluminium spinel from autoignition of citrate–nitrate gel. Mater Lett 58:1451–1455. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2003.10.004
Seeley Z, Choi YJ, Bose S (2009) Citrate–nitrate synthesis of nano-structured titanium dioxide ceramics for gas sensors. Sens Actuators B Chem 140:98–103. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2009.04.015
Shen C (2004) Sol–gel synthesis and spark plasma sintering of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3. Mater Lett 58:2302–2305. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2004.02.009
Chandradass J, Yoon JH, Bae DS (2008) Synthesis and characterization of zirconia doped alumina nanopowder by citrate-nitrate process. Mater Sci Eng, A 473:360–364. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2007.04.115
Marinšek M, Zupan K, Maèek J (2002) Ni-YSZ cermet anodes prepared by citrate/nitrate combustion synthesis. J Power Sources 106:178–188. doi:10.1016/S0378-7753(01)01056-4
Guo XZ, Ravi BG, Devi PS et al (2005) Synthesis of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) by citrate–nitrate gel combustion and precursor plasma spray processes. J Magn Magn Mater 295:145–154. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2005.01.007
Salunkhe AB, Khot VM, Phadatare MR, Pawar SH (2012) Combustion synthesis of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles—influence of fuel to oxidizer ratio. J Alloys Compd 514:91–96. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.10.094
Epifani M, Melissano E, Pace G, Schioppa M (2007) Precursors for the combustion synthesis of metal oxides from the sol–gel processing of metal complexes. J Eur Ceram Soc 27:115–123. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.04.084
Segadães AM, Morelli MR, Kiminami RGA (1998) Combustion synthesis of aluminium titanate: thermal stability. J Eur Ceram Soc 18:771–781. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.132-136.209
Jain SR, Adiga KC, Pai Verneker VR (1981) A new approach to thermochemical calculations of condensed fuel-oxidizer mixtures. Combust Flame 40:71–79. doi:10.1016/0010-2180(81)90111-5
Bonhomme-Coury L, Lequeux N, Mussotte S, Boch P (1994) Preparation of Al2TiO5–ZrO2 mixed powders via sol–gel process. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 2:371–375
Andrianainarivelo M, Corriu RJP, Leclercq D et al (1997) Non-hydrolytic sol–gel process: zirconium titanate gels. J Mater Chem 7:279–284. doi:10.1039/a605168e
Hom BK, Stevens R, Woodfield BF, Boerio-Goates J (2001) The thermodynamics of formation, molar heat capacity, and thermodynamic functions of ZrTiO4 (cr). J Chem Thermodyn 33:165–178. doi:10.1006/jcht.2000.0755
Zhitong S, Xingyi X, Keqin H, Changzhen W (1991) Standard gibbs free energy of formation of zirconium oxysulphides. Chin J Mater Sci Technol 7:65–67
López-López E, Sanjuán ML, Moreno R, Baudín C (2010) Phase evolution in reaction sintered zirconium titanate based materials. J Eur Ceram Soc 30:981–991. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2009.10.012
Rendtorff NM, Suárez G, Aglietti EF (2014) Non isothermal kinetic study of the aluminium titanate formation in alumina–titania mixtures. Cerâmica 60:411–416
López T, Ortiz E, Gómez R, Picquart M (2006) Amorphous sol–gel titania modified with heteropolyacids. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 37:189–193. doi:10.1007/s10971-005-6627-9
Castro L, Reyes P, Correa CM (2002) Synthesis and characterization of sol–gel Cu-ZrO2 and Fe-ZrO2 Catalysts. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 25:159–168
Salavati-Niasari M, Dadkhah M, Davar F (2009) Synthesis and characterization of pure cubic zirconium oxide nanocrystals by decomposition of bis-aqua, tris-acetylacetonato zirconium(IV) nitrate as new precursor complex. Inorg Chim Acta 362:3969–3974. doi:10.1016/j.ica.2009.05.036
Zhu LY, Xu D, Yu G, Wang XQ (2009) Preparation and characterization of zirconium titanate fibers with good high temperature performance. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 49:341–346. doi:10.1007/s10971-008-1877-y
Sobhani M, Rezaie HR, Naghizadeh R (2008) Sol–gel synthesis of aluminum titanate (Al2TiO5) nano-particles. J Mater Process Technol 206:282–285. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.12.023
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saeidi, M., Sarpoolaky, H. & Mirkazemi, S.M. Characterization and microstructure investigation of novel ternary ZrO2–Al2O3–TiO2 composites synthesized by citrate–nitrate process. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 76, 436–445 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-015-3792-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-015-3792-3