Abstract
Structural health monitoring using nonlinear guided waves have found to be of great importance. The detection of micro/fatigue cracks in the early stage is essential to avoid catastrophic failures. This paper presents a defect localization technique using nonlinear interaction primary Lamb wave modes. The nonlinearity employed here is due to clapping behaviour of crack surfaces. Two counter-propagating Lamb waves with dissimilar frequencies are allowed to mix at various locations. The results show that the sensitivity of nonlinearity due to crack wave interaction increases when Lamb wave mixing occurs at the fault zone. To study the extent of nonlinearity on damage size, studies were also conducted on plates with different crack parameters. The study reveals that the nonlinear Lamb wave mixing technique can be used effectively to detect and localize micro-crack in plate-like structures.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Santoni, G.B., Yu, L., Xu, B., Giurgiutiu, V.: Lamb wave-mode tuning of piezoelectric wafer active sensors for structural health monitoring. J. Vib. Acoust. 129, 752–762 (2007)
Mitra, M., Gopalakrishnan, S.: Guided wave based structural health monitoring: a review. Smart Mater. Struct. 25, 053001 (2016)
Pei, N., Bond, L.J.: Higher order acoustoelastic Lamb wave propagation in stressed plates. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 140, 3834–3843 (2016)
Tua, P.S., Quek, S.T., Wang, Q.: Detection of cracks in plates using Piezo-actuated Lamb waves. Smart Mater. Struct. 13, 643 (2004)
Venugopal, V.P., Wang, G.: Modeling and analysis of Lamb wave propagation in a beam under lead zirconate titanate actuation and sensing. J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 26, 1679–1698 (2015)
Zhang, G., Gao, W., Song, G., Song, Y.: An imaging algorithm for damage detection with dispersion compensation using piezoceramic induced lamb waves. Smart Mater. Struct. 26, 025017 (2016)
Wang, D., Zhang, W., Wang, X., Sun, B.: Lamb-wave-based tomographic imaging techniques for hole-edge corrosion monitoring in plate structures. Materials 9, 916 (2016)
Leleux, A., Micheau, P., Castaings, M.: Long range detection of defects in composite plates using Lamb waves generated and detected by ultrasonic phased array probes. J. Nondestr. Eval. 32, 200–214 (2013)
Ghadami, A., Behzad, M., Mirdamadi, H.R.: A mode conversion-based algorithm for detecting rectangular notch parameters in plates using Lamb waves. Arch. Appl. Mech. 85, 793–804 (2015)
Ebrahimkhanlou, A., Dubuc, B., Salamone, S.: Damage localization in metallic plate structures using edge-reflected lamb waves. Smart Mater. Struct. 25, 085035 (2016)
Mori, N., Biwa, S.: Transmission characteristics of the S0 and A0 Lamb waves at contacting edges of plates. Ultrasonics 81, 93–99 (2017)
Soleimanpour, R., Ng, C.T.: Scattering of the fundamental anti-symmetric Lamb wave at through-thickness notches in isotropic plates. J. Civil Struct. Health Monit. 6, 447–459 (2016)
Sohn, H.: Effects of environmental and operational variability on structural health monitoring. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 365, 539–560 (2006)
Salmanpour, M.S., Sharif Khodaei, Z., Aliabadi, M.H.: Guided wave temperature correction methods in structural health monitoring. J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 28, 604–618 (2017)
Soleimanpour, R., Ng, C.T., Wang, C.H.: Higher harmonic generation of guided waves at delaminations in laminated composite beams. Struct. Health Monit. 16, 400–417 (2017)
Zuo, P., Zhou, Y., Fan, Z.: Numerical and experimental investigation of nonlinear ultrasonic Lamb waves at low frequency. Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 021902 (2016)
Jhang, K.Y.: Nonlinear ultrasonic techniques for nondestructive assessment of micro damage in material: a review. Intl. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. 10, 123–135 (2009)
Matsuda, N., Biwa, S.: Frequency dependence of second-harmonic generation in Lamb waves. J. Nondestr. Eval. 33, 169–177 (2014)
Bermes, C., Kim, J.Y., Qu, J., Jacobs, L.J.: Experimental characterization of material nonlinearity using Lamb waves. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 021901 (2007)
Hong, M., Su, Z., Lu, Y., Sohn, H., Qing, X.: Locating fatigue damage using temporal signal features of nonlinear Lamb waves. Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 60, 182–197 (2015)
Zhao, Y., Li, F., Cao, P., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Fu, S., Zhang, J., Hu, N.: Generation mechanism of nonlinear ultrasonic Lamb waves in thin plates with randomly distributed micro-cracks. Ultrasonics 79, 60–67 (2017)
Hong, M., Mao, Z., Todd, M.D., Su, Z.: Uncertainty quantification for acoustic nonlinearity parameter in Lamb wave-based prediction of barely visible impact damage in composites. Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 82, 448–460 (2017)
Mostavi, A., Kamali, N., Tehrani, N., Chi, S.W., Ozevin, D., Indacochea, J.E.: Wavelet based harmonics decomposition of ultrasonic signal in assessment of plastic strain in aluminum. Measurement 106, 66–78 (2017)
Croxford, A.J., Wilcox, P.D., Drinkwater, B.W., Nagy, P.B.: The use of non-collinear mixing for nonlinear ultrasonic detection of plasticity and fatigue. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 126, 117–122 (2009)
Liu, M., Tang, G., Jacobs, L.J., Qu, J.: Measuring acoustic nonlinearity parameter using collinear wave mixing. J. Appl. Phys. 112, 024908 (2012)
Ju, T., Achenbach, J.D., Jacobs, L.J., Qu, J.: Nondestructive evaluation of thermal aging of adhesive joints by using a nonlinear wave mixing technique. NDT E Int. 103, 62–67 (2019)
Gallot, T., Malcolm, A., Szabo, T.L., Brown, S., Burns, D., Fehler, M.: Characterizing the nonlinear interaction of S-and P-waves in a rock sample. J. Appl. Phys. 117, 034902 (2015)
Lv, H., Zhang, J., Jiao, J., Croxford, A.: Fatigue crack inspection and characterisation using non-collinear shear wave mixing. Smart Mater. Struct. 29, 055024 (2020)
Hasanian, M., Lissenden, C.J.: Second order harmonic guided wave mutual interactions in plate: vector analysis, numerical simulation, and experimental results. J. Appl. Phys. 122, 084901 (2017)
Metya, A.K., Tarafder, S., Balasubramaniam, K.: Nonlinear Lamb wave mixing for assessing localized deformation during creep. NDT E Int. 98, 89–94 (2018)
Li, F., Zhao, Y., Cao, P., Hu, N.: Mixing of ultrasonic Lamb waves in thin plates with quadratic nonlinearity. Ultrasonics 87, 33–43 (2018)
Jingpin, J., Xiangji, M., Cunfu, H., Bin, W.: Nonlinear Lamb wave-mixing technique for micro-crack detection in plates. NDT E Int. 85, 63–71 (2017)
Aslam, M., Bijudas, C.R., Nagarajan, P., Remanan, M.: Numerical and experimental investigation of nonlinear lamb wave mixing at low frequency. J. Aerosp. Eng. 33, 04020037 (2020)
Chillara, V.K., Lissenden, C.J.: Nonlinear guided waves in plates: a numerical perspective. Ultrasonics 54, 1553–1558 (2014)
Rose, J.L.: Ultrasonic guided waves in solid media. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2014)
Solodov, I.Y., Krohn, N., Busse, G.: CAN: an example of non-classical acoustic nonlinearity in solids. Ultrasonics 40, 621–625 (2002)
Ishii, Y., Biwa, S., Adachi, T.: Non-collinear interaction of guided elastic waves in an isotropic plate. J. Sound Vib. 419, 390–404 (2018)
Li, W., Deng, M., Hu, N., Xiang, Y.: Theoretical analysis and experimental observation of frequency mixing response of ultrasonic Lamb waves. J. Appl. Phys. 124, 044901 (2018)
Yang, C., Ye, L., Su, Z., Bannister, M.: Some aspects of numerical simulation for Lamb wave propagation in composite laminates. Compos. Struct. 75, 267–275 (2006)
Drozdz, M., Moreau, L., Castaings, M., Lowe, M.J.S., Cawley, P.: March. Efficient numerical modelling of absorbing regions for boundaries of guided waves problems. AIP Conf. Proc. 820, 126–133 (2006)
Manual, A.U.: Version 6.13-2. Providence, Dassault Systémes Simulia Corp. (2013)
Guan, L., Zou, M., Wan, X., Li, Y.: Nonlinear Lamb wave micro-crack direction identification in plates with mixed-frequency technique. Appl. Sci. 10, 2135 (2020)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Aslam, M., Nagarajan, P. & Remanan, M. Defect Localization Using Nonlinear Lamb Wave Mixing Technique. J Nondestruct Eval 40, 16 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-020-00747-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-020-00747-5