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Colostrogenesis: IgG1 Transcytosis Mechanisms

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Abstract

Biological transport of intact proteins across epithelial cells has been documented for many absorptive and secretory tissues. Immunoglobulins were some of the earliest studied proteins in this category. The transcellular transport (transcytosis) of immunoglobulins in neonatal health and development has been recognized; the process is especially significant with ungulates because they do not transcytose immunoglobulins across the placenta to the neonate. Rather, they depend upon mammary secretion of colostrum and intestinal absorption of immunoglobulins in order to provide intestinal and systemic defense until the young ungulate develops its own humoral defense mechanisms. The neonatal dairy calf’s ability to absorb immunoglobulins from colostrum is assisted by a ~24 h “open gut” phenomenon where large proteins pass the intestinal epithelial cells and enter the systemic system. However, a critical problem recognized for newborn dairy calves is that an optimum mass of colostrum Immunoglobulin G (IgG) needs to be absorbed within that 24 h window in order to provide maximal resistance to disease. Many calves do not achieve the optimum because of poor quality colostrum. While many studies have focused on calf absorption, the principal cause of the problem resides with the extreme variation (g to kg) in the mammary gland’s capacity to transfer blood IgG1 into colostrum. Colostrum is a unique mammary secretory product that is formed during late pregnancy when mammary cells are proliferating and differentiating in preparation for lactation. In addition to the transcytosis of immunoglobulins, the mammary gland also concentrates a number of circulating hormones into colostrum. Remarkably, the mechanisms in the formation of colostrum in ungulates have been rather modestly studied. The mechanisms and causes of this variation in mammary gland transcytosis of IgG1 are examined, evaluated, and in some cases, explained.

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Abbreviations

IgG1:

Immunoglobulin G1

IgA:

Immunoglobulin A

IgM:

Immunoglobulin M

FcRn:

Fc Receptor of the neonate

Rab GTPases:

Rab25, Rab11a and Rab11b

Rho-GTPases:

RhoB

FcGRT:

Fc fragment of IgG Receptor Transporter alpha

FcGRTsplice:

Splice variant of FcGRT missing trans-membrane domain

β-2-M:

β-2-microglobulin

MFGM:

Milk Fat Globule Membrane

SAAM:

CONSAM software program

E2:

17β-estradiol

P4:

Progesterone

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for the editorial suggestions and corrections provided by Dr. Ann Macrina and Nancy Baumrucker.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 302 Henning Bldg, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    Craig R. Baumrucker

  2. Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstr. 109a, 3001, Bern, Switzerland

    Rupert M. Bruckmaier

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Correspondence to Craig R. Baumrucker.

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Baumrucker, C.R., Bruckmaier, R.M. Colostrogenesis: IgG1 Transcytosis Mechanisms. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 19, 103–117 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-013-9313-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-013-9313-5

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