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A new two stage symmetric two-step method with vanished phase-lag and its first, second, third and fourth derivatives for the numerical solution of the radial Schrödinger equation

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Abstract

A two stage symmetric two-step method with vanished phase-lag and its first, second, third and fourth derivatives with low computational cost is developed in this paper for the first time in the literature. More specifically in this paper we present:

  • the theoretical background for the development of the new low computational and high efficient method,

  • the development of the method,

  • the local truncation error analysis based on the radial Schrödinger equation,

  • the interval of periodicity—stability analysis,

  • the examination of the efficiency of the new produced method by applying it to the numerical solution of the Schrödinger equation.

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Notes

  1. Where S is a set of distinct points.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Information Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710064, People’s Republic of China

    Zhou Zhou

  2. Department of Mathematics, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    T. E. Simos

  3. Laboratory of Computational Sciences, Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, Faculty of Economy, Management and Informatics, University of Peloponnese, 221 00, Tripolis, Greece

    T. E. Simos

  4. 10 Konitsis Street, Amfithea - Paleon Faliron, 175 64, Athens, Greece

    T. E. Simos

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Additional information

T.E. Simos: Highly Cited Researcher (http://isihighlycited.com/), Active Member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts. Active Member of the European Academy of Sciences. Corresponding Member of European Academy of Arts, Sciences and Humanities.

Appendices

Appendix 1: The coefficients of the new obtained method

$$\begin{aligned} a_{{0}}\, = \,\frac{1}{8}\,\frac{T_{2}}{T_{3}}, \, \, a_{{1}}\, = \,2\,\frac{T_{4}}{T_{5}}\\ b_{{0}}\, = \,-4\,\frac{T_{6}}{T_{7}}, \, \, b_{{1}}\, = \,2\,\frac{T_{8}}{T_{7}} \\ b_{{2}}\, = \,-8\,\frac{T_{9}}{T_{7}} \end{aligned}$$

where

$$\begin{aligned} T_{2} \,= & {} \, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{3}\, {v}^{4}+3\,\sin \left( v \right) \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}\, {v}^{3}+3\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{3}\, {v}^{2}\\&+\,14\,\cos \left( v \right) {v}^{4}+18\,\sin \left( v \right) \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}\, v+12\,{v}^{3}\sin \left( v \right) \\&-\,9\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{3}+6\,\cos \left( v \right) {v}^{2}-36\,v\sin \left( v \right) +9\,\cos \left( v \right) \\ T_{3}\,= & {} \, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{3}{v}^{4}+3\,\sin \left( v \right) \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}{v}^{3}- \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}{v}^{4}\\&+\,3\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{3}{v}^{2}{+}3\,\sin \left( v \right) \cos \left( v \right) {v}^{3}{+}14\,\cos \left( v \right) {v}^{4}{+}18\,\sin \left( v \right) \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}v\\&-\,3\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}{v}^{2}+12\,{v}^{3}\sin \left( v \right) +4\,{v}^{4}-9\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{3}+18\,\sin \left( v \right) \cos \left( v \right) v\\&+\,\,6\,\cos \left( v \right) {v}^{2}+9\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}-36\,v\sin \left( v \right) -6\,{v}^{2}+9\,\cos \left( v \right) -9\\ T_{4} \,= & {} \, - \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{3}{v}^{4}+9\,\sin \left( v \right) \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}{v}^{3}+21\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{3}{v}^{2}\\&-\,14\,\cos \left( v \right) {v}^{4}+18\,\sin \left( v \right) \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}v+36\,{v}^{3}\sin \left( v \right) +45\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{3}\\&+\,42\,\cos \left( v \right) {v}^{2}-36\,v\sin \left( v \right) -45\,\cos \left( v \right) \\ T_{5} \,= & {} \, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}{v}^{4}+9\,\sin \left( v \right) \cos \left( v \right) {v}^{3}-21\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}{v}^{2}\\&-\,4\,{v}^{4}+18\,\sin \left( v \right) \cos \left( v \right) v-45\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}-42\,{v}^{2}+45\\ T_{6} \,= & {} \, - \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{3}{v}^{6}+3\,\sin \left( v \right) \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}{v}^{5}-17\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{3}{v}^{4}\\&-\,14\,\cos \left( v \right) {v}^{6}-6\,\sin \left( v \right) \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}{v}^{3}+12\,{v}^{5}\sin \left( v \right) +2\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}{v}^{4}\\&-\,6\,\sin \left( v \right) \cos \left( v \right) {v}^{3}-51\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{3}{v}^{2}-58\,\cos \left( v \right) {v}^{4}\\&-\,36\,\sin \left( v \right) \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}v-24\,{v}^{3}\sin \left( v \right) +6\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}{v}^{2}\\&-\,8\,{v}^{4}-36\,\sin \left( v \right) \cos \left( v \right) v+18\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{3}+33\,\cos \left( v \right) {v}^{2}+72\,v\sin \left( v \right) \\&-\,18\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}+12\,{v}^{2}-18\,\cos \left( v \right) +18\\ T_{7} \,= & {} \, {v}^{4} \Bigl ( \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}{v}^{4}+9\,\sin \left( v \right) \cos \left( v \right) {v}^{3}-21\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}{v}^{2}\\&-\,4\,{v}^{4}+18\,\sin \left( v \right) \cos \left( v \right) v-45\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}-42\,{v}^{2}+45 \Bigr ) \\ T_{8} \,= & {} \, - \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}{v}^{6}+2\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{3}{v}^{4}-3\,\sin \left( v \right) \cos \left( v \right) {v}^{5}\\&+\,6\,\sin \left( v \right) \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}{v}^{3}-17\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}{v}^{4}+4\,{v}^{6}+6\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{3}{v}^{2}\\&+\,6\,\sin \left( v \right) \cos \left( v \right) {v}^{3}+28\,\cos \left( v \right) {v}^{4}+36\,\sin \left( v \right) \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}v\\&-\,51\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}{v}^{2}+24\,{v}^{3}\sin \left( v \right) -22\,{v}^{4}-18\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{3}\\&+\,36\,\sin \left( v \right) \cos \left( v \right) v+12\,\cos \left( v \right) {v}^{2}+18\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}\\&-72\,v\sin \left( v \right) +33\,{v}^{2}+18\,\cos \left( v \right) -18\\ T_{9} \,= & {} \, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{3}{v}^{4}+3\,\sin \left( v \right) \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}{v}^{3}- \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}{v}^{4}\\&+\,3\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{3}{v}^{2}{+}3\,\sin \left( v \right) \cos \left( v \right) {v}^{3}{+}14\,\cos \left( v \right) {v}^{4}{+}18\,\sin \left( v \right) \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}v\\&-\,3\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}{v}^{2}+12\,{v}^{3}\sin \left( v \right) +4\,{v}^{4}-9\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{3}+18\,\sin \left( v \right) \cos \left( v \right) v\\&+\,6\,\cos \left( v \right) {v}^{2}+9\, \left( \cos \left( v \right) \right) ^{2}-36\,v\sin \left( v \right) -6\,{v}^{2}+9\,\cos \left( v \right) -9 \end{aligned}$$

Appendix 2: The Taylor series expansions of the coefficients of the new developed method

$$\begin{aligned} a_{1} \,= & {} \,-2+{\frac{59\,{v}^{10}}{76204800}}+{\frac{233\,{v}^{12}}{4224794112}}+{\frac{2348677\,{v}^{14}}{692021275545600}}\\&+{\frac{2645563\,{v}^{16}}{17438936143749120}}+{\frac{37558198463\,{v}^{18}}{10272405335475419136000}} + \cdots \\ a_{0}\,= & {} \,{\frac{313}{2400}}+{\frac{59\,{v}^{2}}{96000}}+{\frac{108191\,{v}^{4}}{2661120000}}+{\frac{407777\,{v}^{6}}{197683200000}}\\&+\,{\frac{18280019\,{v}^{8}}{202954752000000}}+{\frac{31942842137\,{v}^{10}}{8694581575680000000}}\\&+\,{\frac{1545820869721\,{v}^{12}}{10209296675635200000000}}+{\frac{325218096055187\,{v}^{14}}{48596252176023552000000000}}\\&+\,{\frac{207962675827168214089\,{v}^{16}}{650643557284257092075520000000000}}\\&+\,{\frac{5775620982898562011\,{v}^{18}}{363409935325256377958400000000000}} + \cdots \\ b_{0}\,= & {} \,{\frac{15}{14}}-{\frac{59\,{v}^{2}}{10584}}+{\frac{2995\,{v}^{4}}{14669424}}+{\frac{361901\,{v}^{6}}{43688211840}}\\&-\,{\frac{7052195\,{v}^{8}}{2201885876736}}-{\frac{1453570465387\,{v}^{10}}{5487396012540288000}}\\&-\,{\frac{184696382687401\,{v}^{12}}{10509460843217159577600}}-{\frac{1942186552272914837\,{v}^{14}}{2237884591954661960454144000}} \\&-\,{\frac{1958349509425394239087\,{v}^{16}}{71339285022330713975357202432000}} \\&+\,{\frac{45420069903732155969591\,{v}^{18}}{179774998256273399217900150128640000}} + \cdots \\ b_{1}\,= & {} \,{\frac{31}{252}}-{\frac{59\,{v}^{2}}{63504}}+{\frac{2995\,{v}^{4}}{88016544}}-{\frac{468815\,{v}^{6}}{52425854208}}\\&-\,{\frac{563655971\,{v}^{8}}{726622339322880}}-{\frac{11079550468169\,{v}^{10}}{214008444489071232000}}\\&-\,{\frac{424240325807741\,{v}^{12}}{163947589154187689410560}}-{\frac{1128269446181961791\,{v}^{14}}{13427307551727971762724864000}} \\&+\,{\frac{224587719492803020421\,{v}^{16}}{428035710133984283852143214592000}} \\&+\,{\frac{383672334405463509717257\,{v}^{18}}{1078649989537640395307400900771840000}} + \cdots \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned} b_{2}\,= & {} \,-{\frac{10}{63}}+{\frac{59\,{v}^{2}}{15876}}-{\frac{2995\,{v}^{4}}{22004136}}+{\frac{314593\,{v}^{6}}{65532317760}}\\&+\,{\frac{125327\,{v}^{8}}{283836851298}}+{\frac{7481414391413\,{v}^{10}}{214008444489071232000}}\\&+\,{\frac{31720111706791\,{v}^{12}}{15764191264825739366400}}+{\frac{141793023405991129\,{v}^{14}}{1678413443965996470340608000}}\\&+\,{\frac{21177668170132720613\,{v}^{16}}{13376115941687008870379475456000}} \\&-\,{\frac{929694308013686014379\,{v}^{18}}{6741562434610252470671255629824000}} + \cdots \\ \end{aligned}$$

Appendix 3: Formulae of the derivatives of \(q_{n}\)

Formulae of the derivatives which presented in the formulae of the Local Truncation Errors:

$$\begin{aligned} y_{n}^{(2)} \,= & {} \, \left( V(x)-V_{c} + G\right) \, y(x) \\ y_{n}^{(3)} \,= & {} \, \left( {\frac{d}{dx}}g \left( x \right) \right) y \left( x \right) + \left( g \left( x \right) +G \right) {\frac{d}{dx}}y \left( x \right) \\ y_{n}^{(4)} \,= & {} \, \left( {\frac{d^{2}}{d{x}^{2}}}g \left( x \right) \right) y \left( x \right) +2\, \left( {\frac{d}{dx}}g \left( x \right) \right) {\frac{d}{dx}}y \left( x \right) \\&+ \left( g \left( x \right) +G \right) ^{2}y \left( x \right) \\ y_{n}^{(5)} \,= & {} \, \left( {\frac{d^{3}}{d{x}^{3}}}g \left( x \right) \right) y \left( x \right) +3\, \left( {\frac{d^{2}}{d{x}^{2}}}g \left( x \right) \right) {\frac{d}{dx}}y \left( x \right) \\&+4\, \left( g \left( x \right) +G \right) y \left( x \right) {\frac{d}{dx}}g \left( x \right) + \left( g \left( x \right) +G \right) ^{2}{\frac{d}{dx}}y \left( x \right) \\ y_{n}^{(6)} \,= & {} \, \left( {\frac{d^{4}}{d{x}^{4}}}g \left( x \right) \right) y \left( x \right) +4\, \left( {\frac{d^{3}}{d{x}^{3}}}g \left( x \right) \right) {\frac{d}{dx}}y \left( x \right) \\&+7\, \left( g \left( x \right) +G \right) y \left( x \right) {\frac{d^{2}}{d{x}^{2}}}g \left( x \right) +4\, \left( {\frac{d}{dx}}g \left( x \right) \right) ^{2}y \left( x \right) \\&+6\, \left( g \left( x \right) +G \right) \left( {\frac{d}{dx}}y \left( x \right) \right) {\frac{d}{dx}}g \left( x \right) + \left( g \left( x \right) +G \right) ^{3}y \left( x \right) \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned} y_{n}^{(7)} \,= & {} \, \left( {\frac{d^{5}}{d{x}^{5}}}g \left( x \right) \right) y \left( x \right) +5\, \left( {\frac{d^{4}}{d{x}^{4}}}g \left( x \right) \right) {\frac{d}{dx}}y \left( x \right) \\&+11\, \left( g \left( x \right) +G \right) y \left( x \right) {\frac{d^{3}}{d{x}^{3}}}g \left( x \right) +15\, \left( {\frac{d}{dx}}g \left( x \right) \right) y \left( x \right) \\&\quad {\frac{d^{2}}{d{x}^{2}}}g \left( x \right) +13\, \left( g \left( x \right) +G \right) \left( {\frac{d}{dx}}y \left( x \right) \right) {\frac{d^{2}}{d{x}^{2}}}g \left( x \right) \\&+10\, \left( {\frac{d}{dx}}g \left( x \right) \right) ^{2}{\frac{d}{dx}}y \left( x \right) +9\, \left( g \left( x \right) +G \right) ^{2}y \left( x \right) \\&\quad {\frac{d}{dx}}g \left( x \right) + \left( g \left( x \right) +G \right) ^{3}{\frac{d}{dx}}y \left( x \right) \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned} y_{n}^{(8)} \,= & {} \, \left( {\frac{d^{6}}{d{x}^{6}}}g \left( x \right) \right) y \left( x \right) +6\, \left( {\frac{d^{5}}{d{x}^{5}}}g \left( x \right) \right) {\frac{d}{dx}}y \left( x \right) \\&+16\, \left( g \left( x \right) +G \right) y \left( x \right) {\frac{d^{4}}{d{x}^{4}}}g \left( x \right) +26\, \left( {\frac{d}{dx}}g \left( x \right) \right) y \left( x \right) \\&\quad {\frac{d^{3}}{d{x}^{3}}}g \left( x \right) +24\, \left( g \left( x \right) +G \right) \left( {\frac{d}{dx}}y \left( x \right) \right) {\frac{d^{3}}{d{x}^{3}}}g \left( x \right) \\&+15\, \left( {\frac{d^{2}}{d{x}^{2}}}g \left( x \right) \right) ^{2}y \left( x \right) +48\, \left( {\frac{d}{dx}}g \left( x \right) \right) \\&\quad \left( {\frac{d}{dx}}y \left( x \right) \right) {\frac{d^{2}}{d{x}^{2}}}g \left( x \right) +22\, \left( g \left( x \right) +G \right) ^{2}y \left( x \right) \\&\quad {\frac{d^{2}}{d{x}^{2}}}g \left( x \right) +28\, \left( g \left( x \right) +G \right) y \left( x \right) \left( {\frac{d}{dx}}g \left( x \right) \right) ^{2} \\&+12\, \left( g \left( x \right) +G \right) ^{2} \left( {\frac{d}{dx}}y \left( x \right) \right) {\frac{d}{dx}}g \left( x \right) \\&+ \left( g \left( x \right) +G \right) ^{4}y \left( x \right) \ldots \end{aligned}$$

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Zhou, Z., Simos, T.E. A new two stage symmetric two-step method with vanished phase-lag and its first, second, third and fourth derivatives for the numerical solution of the radial Schrödinger equation. J Math Chem 54, 442–465 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10910-015-0571-x

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