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A review of humidity-driven actuator: toward high response speed and practical applications

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Abstract

In the past two decades, humidity actuators have received extensive attention from researchers due to their merits of simple stimulation, no pollution, programmable actuation behaviour, and simple structure. However, in order to perform more complex and difficult tasks, it is indispensable to enhance the response speed of the humidity actuators. Therefore, we mainly discuss the influence of materials and structure on the response speed of the actuators in this paper. In this review, the materials of the actuators include inorganic materials, polymers, biomaterials, hybrid materials, and structural materials. According to the structures, the actuators can be divided into monolayer film and multilayer film types. In addition, the applications of humidity-driven actuators in humidity detection, soft robot, self-power and medical equipment are introduced, providing a reference for the large-scale application of humidity actuators. Finally, this review also considers the practical challenges faced by humidity-driven actuators, summarizes how these challenges affect the potential applications of the actuators, and prospects for the future development trend of the actuators.

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Figure 1

Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. b SEM images of GO and RGO. Reproduced with permission [30]. Copyright 2019 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. c GO reduction by laser. The lowest layer is a glass plate, on which GO is coated, and GO is reduced to RGO under laser irradiation. Reproduced with permission [31]. Copyright 2019 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. d The SEM image of AgNWs/NFs/GO membrane. Reproduced with permission [32]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. e The GO/RGO-x (x = 1–4 h) actuators with different reduction degrees. Reproduced with permission [33]. Copyright 2018 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. f1-3 Fabricated MXene and internal structure. Reproduced with permission [34]. Copyright 2020 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. g The MXene film bends under the proximity of the fingers. Reproduced with permission [35]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society

Figure 2

Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society. b Picture of fiber actuators made of different materials. Reproduced with permission [66]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. c1 White original fiber cloth and c2 black fiber coated by MXene impregnation. Reproduced with permission [67]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. d Schematic diagram of hydrogel and its internal cross-linking. Reproduced with permission [68]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society

Figure 3

Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. c Schematic diagram of the fabrication of spore actuator. Reproduced with permission [100]. Copyright 2019 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. d Schematic diagram of liquid crystal actuator treated with acid. Reproduced with permission [101]. Copyright 21 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. e A prepared AG actuator. Reproduced with permission [102]. Copyright 2015 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Figure 4

Copyright 2021 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. b SEM image of the CNF/GO/CNT composite films. Reproduced with permission [123]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. c1,2 SEM images of CNF-MXene-TA actuator. Reproduced with permission [124]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. d1,2 SEM image of the PW-MXene film. Reproduced with permission [125]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society

Figure 5

Copyright 2017 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. b1 Picture of a film with different roughness on the upper and lower surfaces, b2 it bends at ambient humidity

Figure 6

Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society

Figure 7

Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. b1-3 Schematic diagram of color change of BPLC actuator stimulated by humidity under acid and alkali conditions. Reproduced with permission [106]. Copyright 2020 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. c1,2 PVA/PDMS film can clearly display the back picture under humidity stimulation. Reproduced with permission [159]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. d1-3 Schematic diagram of actuator unresponsive to humidity after SO2 treatment. Reproduced with permission [108]. Copyright 2019 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Figure 8

Copyright 2021 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. b Pictures of the purpose of the delivery of goods by the executing agency. Reproduced with permission [52]. Copyright 2021 Wiley‐VH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. c Schematic diagram of an intelligent rain curtain. Reproduced with permission [31]. Copyright 2020 Wiley‐VH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. d Photographs of goldfish driven by humidity based on PVA. Reproduced with permission [163]. Copyright 2020 Wiley‐VH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Figure 9

Copyright 2015 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. b Schematic diagram of voltage generated by GQDs-EG by MEET method. (i) is a schematic diagram of the distribution of oxygen-containing groups in the actuator. (ii) When the ambient humidity rises, the oxygen-containing groups of the actuator film release hydrogen ions. (iii) under the diffusion of hydrogen ions, the actuator generates current and voltage. (iv) when the ambient humidity drops, the hydrogen ions return to their original positions. Reproduced with permission [176]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. c Picture of intelligent fabric. The resistance of clothes increases with the increase of environmental humidity. After the circuit is connected, it can be used to detect the sweating of human body. Reproduced with permission [74]. Copyright 2019 Wiley‐VH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. d and e Schematic diagrams and Image of respiratory masks. Reproduced with permission [182]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society

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Acknowledgements

This work is financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No. 61803088 and No. 61903206) and Joint fund of Science & Technology Department of Liaoning Province and State Key Laboratory of Robotics, China (Grant No. 2021-KF-22-13).

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  1. School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China

    Wei Pu, Fanan Wei & Ligang Yao

  2. School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, 467000, Henan, China

    Shuangxi Xie

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Pu, W., Wei, F., Yao, L. et al. A review of humidity-driven actuator: toward high response speed and practical applications. J Mater Sci 57, 12202–12235 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07344-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07344-z

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