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Structural and chemical changes of thermally treated bone apatite

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Abstract

The thermal behaviour of the animal by-product meat and bone meal (MBM) has been investigated in order to assess how it is affected structurally and chemically by incineration. Initially composed of intergrown collagen and hydroxyapatite (HAP), combustion of the organic component is complete by 650 °C, with most mass loss (50–55%) occurring by 500 °C. No original proteins were detected in samples heated at 400 °C or above. Combustion of collagen is accompanied by an increase in HAP mean crystallite size at temperatures greater than 400 °C, from 10 nm to a constant value of 120 nm at 800 °C or more. Newly formed crystalline phases appear beyond 400 °C, and include β-tricalcium phosphate, NaCaPO4, halite (NaCl) and sylvite (KCl). Crystallite thickness as judged by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) increases from 2 nm (25–400 °C) to 8–9 nm very rapidly at 550 °C, and then gradually increases to approximately 10 nm. The original texture of HAP within a collagen matrix is progressively lost, producing a porous HAP dominated solid at 700 °C, and a very low porosity sintered HAP product at 900 °C.

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Acknowledgements

This study was sponsored by NERC (Grant no: NERD/S/2003/00678) and the PDM Group. The authors wish to thank Martin Gill and Gordon Cressey for their invaluable assistance with XRD analysis and interpretation respectively. In addition thanks go to Mr. Gary Jones for his assistance with FTIR measurements.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mineralogy, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK

    Susan Essien Etok & Eugenia Valsami-Jones

  2. Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK

    Timothy J. Wess, Jennifer C. Hiller & Clark A. Maxwell

  3. Centre for Materials Science and Engineering, Cranfield University Shrivenham, Swindon, SN6 8LA, UK

    Keith D. Rogers

  4. School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK

    David A. C. Manning, Margaret L. White & Elisa Lopez-Capel

  5. Bio-Arc (Archaeology), University of York, PO Box 373, York, YO10 5YW, UK

    Matthew J. Collins, Mike Buckley & Kirsty E. H. Penkman

  6. PDM Group, c/o Beacon Research, Kelmarsh Road, Clipston, Leicestershire, LE16 9RX, UK

    Stephen L. Woodgate

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  1. Susan Essien Etok
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  2. Eugenia Valsami-Jones
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Correspondence to Eugenia Valsami-Jones.

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Etok, S.E., Valsami-Jones, E., Wess, T.J. et al. Structural and chemical changes of thermally treated bone apatite. J Mater Sci 42, 9807–9816 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-1993-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-1993-z

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