Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Gratitude: A Resilience Factor for More Securely Attached Children

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Child and Family Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Research on the association between childhood attachment and depressive symptoms has primarily focused on the role of risk factors. This resulted in a lack of research on the role of potential resilience factors. In the current study, we suggest that middle childhood secure attachment is linked to adolescents’ trait gratitude, which is linked to the enhanced resilience against the development of depressive symptoms in adolescence. In a longitudinal study, we measured 157 children’s (9–12 years old, 48% boys) attachment appraisals (anxiety, avoidance, and trust), attachment representations (secure base script knowledge, and coherence) and depressive symptoms at baseline, and gratitude and depressive symptoms at follow-up two years later. Results supported our hypotheses that middle childhood attachment was robustly linked with adolescent trait gratitude. Moreover, trait gratitude indirectly linked middle childhood attachment avoidance, trust, and secure base script knowledge to change in depressive symptoms over time. These findings may help explain why more securely attached children are less likely to develop depressive symptoms.

Highlights

  • Middle childhood secure attachment links to more trait gratitude in adolescence.

  • Associations were found both for self-reported attachment appraisals and attachment representations derived from narratives.

  • Trait gratitude indirectly linked attachment appraisals and representations to longitudinal changes in depressive symptoms.

  • Trait gratitude is a resilience feature of more securely attached children.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alkozei, A., Smith, R., & Killgore, W. D. (2017). Gratitude and subjective wellbeing: a proposal of two causal frameworks. Journal of Happiness Studies, An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 19, 1519–1542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9870-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 427–454.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolier, L., Haverman, M., Westerhof, G. J., Riper, H., Smit, F., & Bohlmeijer, E. (2013). Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. BMC Public Health, 13, 119. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-119.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Borelli, J. L., Crowley, M. J., David, D. H., Sbarra, D. A., Anderson, G. M., & Mayes, L. C. (2010). Attachment and emotion in school-aged children. Emotion, 10, 475–485. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018490.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borelli, J. L., Somers, J., West, J. L., Coffey, J. K., De Los Reyes, A., & Shmueli-Goetz, Y. (2016). Associations between attachment narratives and self-report measures of attachment in middle childhood: extending evidence for the validity of the Child Attachment Interview. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 1235–1246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0310-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosmans, G., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., Vervliet, B., Verhees, M., & van IJzendoorn, M. (2020). A learning theory of attachment: Unraveling the black box of attachment development. Neuroscience And Biobehavioral Reviews, 113, 287–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bosmans, G., Braet, C., Heylen, J., & De Raedt, R. (2015). Children’s attentional processing of mother and proximity seeking. PLoS ONE, 10, e0124038.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bosmans, G., Braet, C., Koster, E., & De Raedt, R. (2009). Attachment security and attentional breadth toward the attachment figure in middle childhood. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38, 872–882.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosmans, G., Braet, C., & Van Vlierberghe, L. (2010). Attachment and symptoms of psychopathology: early maladaptive schemas as a cognitive link? Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 17, 374–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosmans, G., Waters, T. E. A., Finet, C., De Winter, S., Hermans, D., & Bosmans, G. (2019). Trust development as an expectancy-learning process: testing contingency effects. Plos ONE, 14, e0225934. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225934.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bosmans, G., & Kerns, K. A. (2015). Attachment in middle childhood: progress and prospects. In G. Bosmans & K. A. Kerns (Eds), Attachment in middle childhood: theoretical advances and new directions in an emerging field. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 148, 1–14.

  • Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss, sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: an integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Roles (Eds), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46–76). New York: Guilford Press.

  • Brenning, K., Soenens, B., Braet, C., & Bosmans, G. (2012). Attachment and depressive symptoms in middle childhood and early adolescence: Testing thevalidity of the emotion regulation model of attachment. Personal Relationships, 19, 445–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brenning, K., Soenens, B., Braet, C., & Bosmans, G. (2011a). The role of depressogenic personality and attachment in the intergenerational similarity of depressive symptoms: a study with early adolescents and their mothers. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 284–297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brenning, K., Soenens, B., Braet, C., & Bosmans, G. (2011b). An adaptation of the experiences in close relationships scale-revised for use with children and adolescents. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28, 1048–1072.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brenning, K., Van Petegem, S., Vanhalst, J., & Soenens, B. (2014). The psychometric qualities of a short version of the experiences in close relationships scale–revised child version. Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 118–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks-Gunn, J., & Petersen, A. C. (1991). Studying the emergence of depression and depressive symptoms during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 115–119.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2010). Parent–child attachment and internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence: a review of empirical findings and future directions. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 177–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: influences of attachment relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 228–249.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cramer, D. (2004). Satisfaction with a romantic relationship, depression, support and conflict. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 77, 449–461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuijpers, P., & Smit, F. (2002). Excess mortality in depression: a meta-analysis of community studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 72, 227–236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, D. E., Choe, E., Meyers, J., Wade, N., Varjas, K., Gifford, A., Quinn, A., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., Griffin, B. J., & Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2016). Thankful for the little things: a meta-analysis of gratitude interventions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63, 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000107

  • Dujardin, A., Santens, T., Braet, C., De Raedt, R., Vos, P., Maes, B., & Bosmans, G. (2016). Middle childhood support‐seeking behavior during stress: links with self‐reported attachment and future depressive symptoms. Child Development, 87, 326–340.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dwiwardani, C., Hill, P. C., Bollinger, R. A., Marks, L. E., Steele, J. A., Doolin, H. N., & Davis, D. E. (2014). Virtues develop from a secure base: attachment and resilience as predictors of humility, gratitude, and forgiveness. Journal of Psychology & Theology, 42, 83–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (Eds). (2004). The psychology of gratitude. Oxford University Press.

  • Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365–376.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Froh, J. J., Emmons, R. A., Card, N. A., Bono, G., & Wilson, J. A. (2011). Gratitude and the reduced costs of materialism in adolescents. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9195-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gawronski, B., & Creighton, L. A. (2013). Dual process theories. In D. E. Carlston (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of social cognition (pp. 282–312). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

  • George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1985). The Adult Attachment Interview. Unpublished manuscript, University of California at Berkeley.

  • Greenberger, E., & Chen, C. (1996). Perceived family relationships and depressed mood in early and late adolescence: a comparison of European and Asian Americans. Developmental Psychology, 32, 707–716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gulliford, L., Morgan, B., & Kristjánsson, K. (2013). Recent work on the concept of gratitude in philosophy and psychology. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 47, 285–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gumley, A. I., Taylor, H. E. F., Schwannauer, M., & MacBeth, A. (2014). A systematic review of attachment and psychosis: measurement, construct validity and outcomes. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 129, 257–274.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hinton, P. R., Brownlow, C., McMurray, I., & Cozens, B. SPSS Explained. New York, NY: Routledge; 2004.

  • Kleiman, E. M., Adams, L. M., Kashdan, T. B., & Riskind, J. H. (2013a). Grateful individuals are not suicidal: buffering risks associated with hopelessness and depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 595–599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kleiman, E. M., Adams, L. M., Kashdan, T. B., & Riskind, J. H. (2013b). Gratitude and grit indirectly reduce risk of suicidal ideations by enhancing meaning in life: evidence for a mediated moderation model. Journal of Research in Personality, 47, 539–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M. (1985). The children’s depression inventory (CDI). Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 995–998.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, R., Desmond, S. A., & Palmer, Z. D. (2015). Being thankful: examining the relationship between young adult religiosity and gratitude. Journal of Religion and Health, 54, 1331–1344.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kullik, A., & Petermann, F. (2013). Attachment to parents and peers as a risk factor for adolescent depressive disorders: the mediating role of emotion regulation. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 44, 537–548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • La Greca, A. M., & Harrison, H. M. (2005). Adolescent peer relations, friendships, and romantic relationships: do they predict social anxiety and depression? Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 49–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, N. M., Clark, M. S., Durtschi, J., Fincham, F. D., & Graham, S. M. (2010). Benefits of expressing gratitude: expressing gratitude to a partner changes one’s view of the relationship. Psychological Science, 21, 574–580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., & Stillman, T. F. (2012). Gratitude and depressive symptoms: the role of positive reframing and positive emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 26, 615–633.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A., Hankin, B. L., & Mermelstein, R. J. (2010). Perceived social competence, negative social interactions, and negative cognitive style predict depressive symptoms during adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 603–615.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Solomon, A., Seeley, J. R., & Zeiss, A. (2000). Clinical implications of “subthreshold” depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 345–351.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, C. (2015). The relationships among gratitude, self‐esteem, depression, and suicidal ideation among undergraduate students. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56, 700–707.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 99–128.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Madigan, S., Atkinson, L., Laurin, K., & Benoit, D. (2013). Attachment and internalizing behavior in early childhood: a meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 4, 672.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGoron, L., Gleason, M. M., Smyke, A. T., Drury, S. S., Nelson, C. A., Gregas, M. C., & Zeanah, C. H. (2012). Recovering from early deprivation: attachment mediates effects of caregiving on psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 683–693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: a conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112–127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Slav, K. (2006). Attachment, mental representations of others, and gratitude and forgiveness in romantic relationships. In M. Mikulincer & G. S. Goodman (Eds), Dynamics of romantic love: attachment, caregiving, and sex (pp. 190–215). New York: Guilford Press.

  • Muris, P. (2006). Maladaptive schemas in non-clinical adolescents: relations to perceived parental rearing behaviours, Big Five personality factors and psychopathological symptoms. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 13, 405–413. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, C. J. L., Lopez, A. D. (1996). The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from disease, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020: Summary. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

  • Pallini, S., Chirumbolo, A., Morelli, M., Baiocco, R., Laghi, F., & Eisen-berg, N. (2018). The relation of attachment security status to effortful self-regulation: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 144, 501–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, A. C., Compas, B. E., Brooks-Gunn, J., Stemmler, M., Ey, S., & Grant, K. E. (1993). Depression in adolescence. American Psychologist, 48, 155–168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717–731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ridenour, T. A., Greenberg, M. T., & Cook, E. T. (2006). Structure and validity of people in my life: a self-report measure of attachment in late childhood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 1037–1053.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roelofs, J., Lee, C., Ruijten, T., & Lobbestael, J. (2011). The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relation between quality of attachment relationships and symptoms of depression in adolescents. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 39, 471–479.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saluja, G., Iachan, R., Scheidt, P. C., Overpeck, M. D., Sun, W., & Giedd, J. N. (2004). Prevalence of and risk factors for depressive symptoms among young adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158, 760–765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saylor, C. F., Finch, A. J., Spirito, A., & Bennett, B. (1984). The children’s depression inventory: a systematic evaluation of psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 955–967.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaver, P. R., Mikulincer, M., Gross, J. T., Stern, J. A., & Cassidy, J. (2016). A lifespan perspective on attachment and care for others: empathy, altruism, and prosocial behavior. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.). Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp 878–916). New York: Guilford Press.

  • Shmueli-Goetz, Y. (2014). The child attachment interview (CAI). In S. Farnfield & P. Holmes (Eds), The routledge handbook of attachment: assessment (pp. 119–132). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

  • Shmueli-Goetz, Y., Target, M., Fonagy, P., & Datta, A. (2008). The child attachment interview: a psychometricstudy of reliability and discriminant validity. Developmental Psychology, 44, 939–956.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Target, M., Fonagy, P., & Shmueli-Gotez, Y. (2003). Attachment representations in school-age children: the development of the child attachment interview (CAI). Journal of Child Psychotherapy, 29(2), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/0075417031000138433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timbremont, B., & Braet, C. (2002). Children’s Depression Inventory, Nederlandstalige versie: Handleiding. Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Walle, M., Bijttebier, P., Braet, C., & Bosmans, G. (2016). Attachment anxiety and depressive symptoms in middle childhood: the role of repetitive thinking about negative affect and about mother. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38, 615–630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Walle, M., Bijttebier, P., De Raedt, R., & Bosmans, G. (2017). Repetitive thinking about the mother during distress moderates the link between children’s attentional breadth around the mother and depressive symptoms in middle childhood. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 90, 137–146.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venta, A., Shmueli-Goetz, Y., & Sharp, C. (2014). Assessing attachment in adolescence: a psychometric study of the Child Attachment Interview. Psychological Assessment, 26, 238–255. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034712.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, H. S., & Waters, E. (2006). The attachment working models concept: among other things, we build script-like representations of secure base experiences. Attachment & Human Development, 8, 185–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, T. E. A., Bosmans, G., Vandevivere, E., Dujardin, A., & Waters, H. S. (2015). Secure base representations in middle childhood across two Western cultures: associations with parental attachment representations and maternal reports of behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 51, 1013–1025.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, T. E., Brockmeyer, S. L., & Crowell, J. A. (2013). AAI coherence predicts caregiving and care seeking behavior: secure base script knowledge helps explain why. Attachment & Human Development, 15, 316–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, T. E. A., Facompre, C. R., Van de Walle, M., Dujardin, A., De Winter, S., Heylen, J., Santens, T., Verhees, M., Finet, C., & Bosmans, G. (2019). Stability and change in secure base script knowledge during middle childhood and early adolescence: a 3-year longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 55, 2379–2388. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000798.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, T. E. A., Facompré, C. R., Dujardin, A., Van De Walle, M., Verhees, M., Bodner, N., Boldt, L. J., & Bosmans, G. (2019). Taxometric analysis of secure base script knowledge in middle childhood reveals categorical latent structure. Child Development, 90, 694–707. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13229.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, P. C., Van Gelder, M., & Frias, A. (2009). Furthering the science of gratitude. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds). Oxford handbook of positive psychology (pp. 437–445). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Wei, M., Shaffer, P. A., Young, S. K., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, shame, depression, and loneliness: the mediation role of basic psychological needs satisfaction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: a review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 890–905.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008). The role of gratitude in the development of social support, stress, and depression: two longitudinal studies. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 854–871.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeijlmans Van Emmichoven, I. A., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., de Ruiter, C., & Brosschot, J. F. (2003). Selective processing of threatening information: effects of attachment representation and anxiety disorder on attention and memory. Development & Psychopathology, 15, 219–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, L., Zhang, S., Yang, Y., & Li, C. (2017). Attachment orientations and dispositional gratitude: the mediating roles of perceived social support and self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 114, 193–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, M., Hodgins, H. S., Zuckerman, A., & Rosenthal, R. (1993). Contemporary issues in the analysis of data: a survey of 551 psychologists. Psychological Science, 4, 49–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

    Veronica Scott

  2. Clinical Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Martine Verhees, Magali Van de Walle & Guy Bosmans

  3. Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Rudi De Raedt

  4. School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Patricia Bijttebier

  5. Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    Michael W. Vasey

  6. Department of Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE

    Theodore E. A. Waters

Authors
  1. Veronica Scott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Martine Verhees
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rudi De Raedt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Patricia Bijttebier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Michael W. Vasey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Magali Van de Walle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Theodore E. A. Waters
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Guy Bosmans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guy Bosmans.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Informed Consent

The study was conducted with human participants who all gave their active informed consent.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Scott, V., Verhees, M., De Raedt, R. et al. Gratitude: A Resilience Factor for More Securely Attached Children. J Child Fam Stud 30, 416–430 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01853-8

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01853-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation