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Winter severity shapes spring plankton succession in a small, eutrophic lake

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Abstract

Springtime in temperate lakes is characterized by a phytoplankton bloom, followed by a grazing crustacean zooplankton bloom. Timing and species composition for both phytoplankton and zooplankton peaks are likely dependent on antecedent conditions and may respond to climate change. Here, we tracked winter–spring plankton phenology for four years in a shallow, eutrophic lake. Winter conditions influenced successional events and species composition for both phytoplankton and zooplankton. Specifically, diatoms dominated around ice-out followed by cyanobacteria blooms in the late spring. Cyclopoid copepods were common under ice, whereas Daphnia increased with higher water temperature later in the season. Phytoplankton and zooplankton species composition responded to water temperature, ice-off, and exhibited inter-annual variation, while phytoplankton also responded to nutrient concentrations and biomass of some zooplankton groups. Zooplankton species composition also corresponded with secchi depth. Interestingly, the ice broke up and re-froze during the warmest winter studied, which allowed water column mixing and caused colder water temperatures than water temperatures under ice. In this particular study year, the spring Daphnia bloom was late relative to other years, indicating a possible mismatch between the phytoplankton and zooplankton blooms. Our study indicates that winter conditions have a strong impact on plankton phenology and community composition.

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Availability of data and material

Thermistor chain data are published at http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4019639. All other data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Code availability

R code is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank many people for their assistance in the field, including DJ Joung, Peter Isles, Meg Leduc, Brad Roy, Steve Cluett, Natalie Flores, Jake Calvitti, Thomas Hamling, Brian O’Malley, Hannah Lister, and Haley Grigel. Frances Ianucci, Saul Blocher, and Alex Medvedeff, Yaoyang Xu, and Ismar Biberovic assisted with nutrient sample processing. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable and insightful comments on our manuscript. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Geological Survey under Cooperative Agreement No. G16AP00087 to the Vermont Water Resources and Lakes Studies Center. This work was also supported by the University of Vermont Biology Department, the Morse Fund, the UVM Roberto Fabri Fialho Research Award to ARH, the Vermont Space Grant Consortium under NASA Cooperative Agreement NNX15AP86H, and a NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship to ARH under NASA Cooperative Agreement 80NSSC18K1394 P00001. SM was supported by NSF REU Award DBI-1358838.

Funding

This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Geological Survey under Cooperative Agreement No. G16AP00087 to the Vermont Water Resources and Lakes Studies Center. This work was also supported by the University of Vermont Biology Department, the Morse Fund, the UVM Roberto Fabri Fialho Research Award to ARH, the Vermont Space Grant Consortium under NASA Cooperative Agreement NNX15AP86H, and a NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship to ARH under NASA Cooperative Agreement 80NSSC18K1394 P00001. SM was supported by NSF REU Award DBI-1358838.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biology Department, University of Vermont, 3 College Street, Burlington, Vermont, 05401, USA

    Allison R. Hrycik

  2. Great Lakes Center, SUNY Buffalo State College, 1300 Elmwood Avenue, Buffalo, NY, 14222, USA

    Allison R. Hrycik

  3. Rubenstein Ecosystem Science Laboratory, University of Vermont, 3 College Street, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA

    Allison R. Hrycik, Ana Morales-Williams & Jason D. Stockwell

  4. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Western Connecticut State University, 181 White Street, Danbury, CT, 06810, USA

    Shannon McFarland

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  1. Allison R. Hrycik
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  4. Jason D. Stockwell
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ARH, JDS, and SM were involved in field data collection and all authors were involved in data analysis. ARH and SM processed samples and wrote initial drafts of the manuscript. All authors were involved in critical review and revision of the manuscript and have approved the final version.

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Correspondence to Allison R. Hrycik.

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Hrycik, A.R., McFarland, S., Morales-Williams, A. et al. Winter severity shapes spring plankton succession in a small, eutrophic lake. Hydrobiologia 849, 2127–2144 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-022-04854-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-022-04854-4

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