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First insight into genetic diversity and population structure of the Caucasian wild apple (Malus orientalis Uglitzk.) in the Hyrcanian forest (Iran) and its resistance to apple scab and powdery mildew

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Abstract

Investigating population genetic structure and diversity, and resistance to pathogens in crop wild relatives are key steps to assess appropriate conservation and breeding programs. The Caucasian wild apple (Malus orientalis Uglitzk.) is an emblematic fruit tree of the Hyrcanian forest and is supposed to be a contributor to the cultivated apple genome (Malus domestica Borkh. Yet, no study has investigated its population structure, diversity and susceptibility to the two main pathogens of apples, the apple scab (Venturia inaqualis) and the powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha). Here, we investigated population genetic structure and diversity of M. orientalis in the Hyrcanian forest as a mean to identifying future targeted populations for apple conservation and breeding programs. We genotyped using multilocus microsatellite 100 M. orientalis trees sampled in 14 sites. These trees were also screened for presence/absence of six (Rvi6, Vr, Rvi4, Rvi15, Rvi5 and Rvi11) and three (Pl-1, Pl-w, Pl-d) resistance genes to the apple scab and the powdery mildew respectively. Our results showed significant but weak between-site genetic differentiation and isolation by distance pattern suggesting substantial historical gene flow for M. orientalis in this area. We also detected a West-Eastern genetic structure across the Hyrcanian forest with five main populations showing admixture. We also showed a high diversity of resistance genes to apple scab across sites; in contrast, we only found one resistance gene to powdery mildew. These results are a first glimpse to settle wild apple conservation programs in Iran and pinpoint Iranian wild apple populations as an untapped source for apple breeding.

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the Franco-Iranian GUNDISHAPUR exchange program (Campus France 2017), the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF, Grant Number : 92038087) and Tarbiat Modares University. We thank Vincent Bus for his helpful suggestions. We also thank Ali Khodadoust and Dr. Ehsan Abdi for their lab support and figure preparation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran

    Narjes Amirchakhmaghi

  2. Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran

    Hamed Yousefzadeh

  3. Department of Agriculture, Institute of Agriculture, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran

    Batool Hosseinpour

  4. Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Sari, Iran

    Kambiz Espahbodi

  5. Génétique Quantitative et Evolution – Le Moulon, INRA – Université Paris-Sud – CNRS – AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    Amandine Cornille

  6. Plant Protection Research Department, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sari, Iran

    Majid Aldaghi

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  1. Narjes Amirchakhmaghi
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Amirchakhmaghi, N., Yousefzadeh, H., Hosseinpour, B. et al. First insight into genetic diversity and population structure of the Caucasian wild apple (Malus orientalis Uglitzk.) in the Hyrcanian forest (Iran) and its resistance to apple scab and powdery mildew. Genet Resour Crop Evol 65, 1255–1268 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-018-0611-z

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