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Biomagnification of potentially toxic elements in animals consuming fodder irrigated with sewage water

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Abstract

Globally, sewage water is considered a cheap and effective alternative source of irrigation and nutrient supplement. For example, in Faisalabad, Pakistan untreated sewage water loaded with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is being routinely used to grow fodder crops in the peri-urban areas, where PTEs accumulate at different trophic levels and contaminate the food chain. Trophic transfer, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of hazardous metals in food chains had toxic implications for human health. Currently, the major concern is associated with the consumption of PTEs contaminated fodder by animals and the subsequent translocation into humans via consumption of milk and meat from these animals. This study thus analyzed the concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in sewage water, sewage irrigated soil, fodder is grown on such soils and the milk of cows and buffalos to calculate the transfer through water and fodder to animal milk. Overall, concentrations and bioaccumulation factors of Cd and Cu in buffalo milk were higher than the cow milk, whereas it was inverse for the concentration of Zn. Non-significant difference in the bioaccumulation factor for Pb in both buffalo and cow milk was observed. Calculation of the estimated daily intake indicated that there was no health risk associated with the consumption of tested milk samples. However, given the widespread exposure of infants to milk, continuous monitoring of milk quality is recommended to preclude a child’s exposure to elevated levels of PTEs.

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Acknowledgements

The support of Directorate of Farms, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan is highly appreciated to facilitate in tagging of animals and collection of milk samples.

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There was no special funding source for this research. It was carried out by the funds available with the Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, the University of Agriculture Faisalabad for research purposes.

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  1. Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan

    Ghulam Murtaza, Muhammad Tahir Shehzad, Sobia Kanwal & Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi

  2. Environmental Contaminants Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia

    Gary Owens

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Research supervised by Dr. GM was conducted by the student Ms. SK. Manuscript was completed in all aspects by Mr. S and F. English language of the manuscript was improved by Dr. G Owens. All authors have reviewed the manuscript and agreed to submit it to the journal for possible publication.

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Murtaza, G., Shehzad, M.T., Kanwal, S. et al. Biomagnification of potentially toxic elements in animals consuming fodder irrigated with sewage water. Environ Geochem Health 44, 4523–4538 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01211-1

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