Abstract
Curiosity has received increasing attention in the educational literature, yet empirical investigations have been limited by inconsistent conceptualizations and the use of curiosity synonymously with other constructs, particularly interest. The purpose of this review is to critically examine the dimensionality, definitions, and measures of curiosity within educational settings, and address the boundaries between curiosity and interest. A systematic review of 39 articles from 2003 to 2013 revealed a reliance on self-report measures, a focus on curiosity as a personality trait, and definitions characterized by four themes, the most common of which were curiosity as a need for knowledge or information, and curiosity as a motivator of exploratory behavior. The overlap and relations between curiosity and interest are discussed, and it is proposed that an examination of (a) the role of knowledge, (b) goals and outcomes, and (c) stability and malleability provide a basis for differentiating curiosity and interest according to their essential characteristics.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
References marked with an asterisk (*) are included in the systematic portion of this review
Ainley, M. D. (1987). The factor structure of curiosity measures: breadth and depth of interest curiosity styles. Australian Journal of Psychology, 39(1), 53–59. doi:10.1080/00049538708259035.
Ainley, M. (2006). Connecting with learning: motivation, affect, and cognition in interest processes. Educational Psychology Review, 18, 391–405. doi:10.1007/s10648-006-9033-0.
Ainley, M., & Ainley, J. (2011). Student engagement with science in early adolescence: the contribution of enjoyment to students’ continuing interest in learning about science. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36, 4–12. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.08.001.
Ainley, M., & Hidi, S. (2014). Interest and enjoyment. In R. Pekrun & L. Linnenbrink-Garcia (Eds.), International handbook of emotions in education (pp. 205–227). New York: Routledge.
Ainley, M., Hidi, S., & Berndorff, D. (2002). Interest, learning, and the psychological processes that mediate their relationship. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 545–561. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.94.3.545.
Alberti, E. T., & Witryol, S. L. (1994). The relationship between curiosity and cognitive ability in third- and fifth-grade children. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 155(2), 129–145. doi:10.1080/00221325.1994.9914767.
Alexander, P. A. (1997). Mapping the multidimensional nature of domain learning: The interplay of cognitive, motivational, and strategic forces. In M. L. Maehr & P. R. Pintrich (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement (Vol. 10, pp. 213–250). Greenwich: JAI Press.
Alexander, P. A. (2003). The development of expertise: the journey from acclimation to proficiency. Educational Researcher, 32, 10–14. doi:10.3102/0013189X032008010.
Alexander, P. A., Murphy, P. K., Woods, B. S., Duhon, K. E., & Parker, D. (1997). College instruction and concomitant changes in students’ knowledge, interest, and strategy use: a study of domain learning. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 22, 125–146.
Arnone, M. P., & Grabowsky, B. L. (1992). Effects on children’s achievement and curiosity of variations in learner control over an interactive video lesson. Educational Technology Research and Development, 30, 15–27.
Arnone, M. P., & Grabowsky, B. L. (1994). Curiosity as a personality variable influencing learning in a learner controlled lesson with and without advisement. Educational Technology Research and Development, 42, 5–20. doi:10.1007/BF02298167.
Arnone, M. P., Reynolds, R., & Marshall, T. (2009). The effect of early adolescents’ psychological needs satisfaction upon their perceived competence in information skills and intrinsic motivation for research. School Libraries Worldwide, 15, 115–134.
Arnone, M. P., Small, R. V., Chauncey, S. A., & McKenna, H. P. (2011). Curiosity, interest, and engagement in technology-pervasive learning environments: a new research agenda. Educational Technology Research and Development, 59, 181–198. doi:10.1007/s11423-011-9190-9.
Baranik, L. E., Barron, K. E., & Finney, S. J. (2010). Examining specific versus general measures of achievement goals. Human Performance, 23, 155–172. doi:10.1080/08959281003622180.
Berlyne, D. E. (1949). “Interest” as a psychological concept. British Journal of Psychology, 45, 184–195.
Berlyne, D. E. (1954). A theory of human curiosity. British Journal of Psychology, 45, 180–191. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1954.tb01243.x.
Berlyne, D. E. (1960). Conflict, arousal, and curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Berlyne, D. E. (1974). Studies in the new experimental aesthetics: Steps toward and objective psychology of aesthetic appreciation. Washington: Hemisphere.
Berridge, K. C., Robinson, T. E., & Aldridge, J. W. (2009). Dissecting components of reward: ‘Liking’, ‘wanting’, and learning. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 9(1), 65–73.
Beswick, D. G., & Tallmadge, K. (1971). Reexamination of two learning style studies in the light of the cognitive process theory of curiosity. Journal of Educational Psychology, 62(6), 456–462. doi:10.1037/h0031817.
Bleidorn, W., Kandler, C., Reimann, R., Angleitner, A., & Spinath, F. M. (2009). Patterns and sources of adult personality development: growth curve analyses of the NEO PI-R scales in a longitudinal twin study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 142–155. doi:10.1037/a0015434.
Blonigan, D. M., Carlson, M. D., Hicks, B. M., Kreuger, R. F., & Iacono, W. G. (2008). Stability and change in personality traits from late adolescence to early adulthood: a longitudinal twin study. Journal of Personality, 76, 229–266. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00485.x.
Bloom, B. S., Englehart, M. D., Furst, E. J., Hill, W. H., & Krathwohl, D. R. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objects, handbook I: cognitive domain. Reading: Addison Wesley.
Boscolo, P., Ariasi, N., Del Favero, L., & Ballarin, C. (2011). Interest in expository text: how does it flow from reading to writing? Learning and Instruction, 21, 467–480. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2010.07.009.
Bowler, L. (2010). The self-regulation of curiosity and interest during the information search process of adolescent students. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(7), 1332–1344. doi:10.1002/asi.21334.
Boyle, G. J. (1989). Breadth-depth or state-trait curiosity? A factor analysis of state-trait curiosity and state anxiety scales. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 175–183. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(89)90201-8.
Boyle, G. J., Richards, L. M., & Baglioni, A. J., Jr. (1993). Children’s motivation analysis tests (CMAT): an experimental manipulation of curiosity and boredom. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 637–643. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90005-N.
Braun, H. I., & Mislevy, R. (2005). Intuitive test theory. Phi Delta Kappan, 86, 488–497.
Byman, R. (1993). From two-dimensional to three-dimensional curiosity: a reanalysis of depth-breadth-factor model. Australian Journal of Psychology, 45(3), 155–160. doi:10.1080/00049539308259133.
*Byman, R. (2005). Curiosity and sensation seeking: a conceptual and empirical investigation. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1365–1379. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.004.
Camp, C. J., Rodrigue, J. R., & Olson, K. R. (1984). Curiosity in young, middle-aged, and older adults. Educational Gerontology, 10, 387–400. doi:10.1080/0380127840100504.
*Čavojová, V., & Sollár, T. (2007). The curiosity and exploration inventory: structure and reliability. Studia Psychologica, 49(1), 89–100.
Chak, A. (2007). Teachers’ and parents’ conceptions of children’s curiosity and exploration. International Journal of Early Years Education, 15, 141–159. doi:10.1080/09669760701288690.
Connelly, D. A. (2011). Applying Silvia’s model of interest to academic text: is there a third appraisal? Learning and Individual Differences, 21, 624–628. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.04.007.
Cooper, H. M. (1982). Scientific guidelines for conducting integrative research reviews. Review of Educational Research, 52(2), 291–302.
Day, H. Y. (1968). Role of specific curiosity in school achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 59, 37–43. doi:10.1037/h0025460.
Day, H. I. (1971). The measurement of specific curiosity. In H. I. Day, D. E. Berlyne, & D. E. Hunt (Eds.), Intrinsic motivation: a new direction in education. New York: Hold, Rinehart, & Winston.
Dewey, J. (1910). How we think. New York: Heath.
Dickey, M. D. (2011). Murder on Grimm Isle: the impact of game narrative design in an educational game-based learning environment. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42, 456–469. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.01032.x.
Dinsmore, D. L., Alexander, P. A., & Loughlin, S. M. (2008). Focusing the conceptual lens of metacognition, self-regulation, and self-regulated learning. Educational Psychology Review, 20, 391–409. doi:10.1007/sl0648-008-9083-6.
Engel, S., & Randall, K. (2009). How teachers respond to children’s inquiry. American Educational Research Journal, 46, 183–202.
Engelhard, G., Jr., & Monsaas, J. A. (1988). Grade level, gender, and school-related curiosity in urban elementary schools. The Journal of Educational Research, 82(1), 22–26. doi:10.3102/0002831208323274.
Fink, A. (2005). Conducting research literature reviews: from the Internet to paper. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. (2007). Curiosity and well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(4), 236–248. doi:10.1080/17439760701552345.
Garnier-Dykstra, L. M., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., O’Grady, K. E., & Arria, A. (2012). Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants during college: four-year trends in exposure opportunity, use, motives, and sources. Journal of American College Health, 60, 226–234. doi:10.1080/07448481.2011.589876.
Giambra, L. M., Camp, C. J., & Grodinsky, A. (1992). Curiosity and stimulation seeking across the adult life span: Cross-sectional and 6- to 8-year longitudinal findings. Psychology and Aging, 7(1), 150–157. do:10.1037/0882-7974.7.1.150.
Gilmore, L., & Cuskelly, M. (2011). Observational assessment and maternal reports of motivation in children and adolescents with Down Syndrome. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 116(2), 153–164. doi:10.1352/1944-7558-116.2.153.
Ginsburg, H., & Opper, S. (1988). Piaget’s theory of intellectual development. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Gold, S. R., & Henderson, B. B. (1990). Daydreaming and curiosity: stability and change in gifted children and adolescents. Adolescence, 25, 701–708.
Hambrick, D. Z., Pink, J. E., Meinz, E. J., Pettibone, J. C., & Oswald, F. L. (2008). The roles of ability, personality, and interests in acquiring current events knowledge: a longitudinal study. Intelligence, 36, 261–278. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.06.004.
Hart, C. (1998). Doing a literature review: releasing the social science research imagination. Los Angeles: Sage.
Harter, S., & Zigler, E. (1974). The assessment of effectance motivation in normal and retarded children. Developmental Psychology, 10, 169–180. doi:10.1037/h0036049.
Hidi, S. (1990). Interest and its contribution as a mental resource for learning. Review of Educational Research, 60, 549–571.
Hidi, S. (1995). A re-examination of the role of attention in learning from text. Educational Psychology Review, 7, 323–350.
Hidi, S. (2000). An interest researcher’s perspective on the effects of extrinsic and intrinsic factors on motivation. In C. Sansone & J. M. Harackiewicz (Eds.), Intrinsic motivation: controversies and new directions (pp. 309–339). New York: Academic.
Hidi, S. (2006). Interest: a unique motivational variable. Educational Research Review, 1, 69–82. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2006.09.001.
Hidi, S., & Renninger, K. A. (2006). The four-phase model of interest development. Educational Psychologist, 42, 111–127. doi:10.1207/s15326985ep4102_4.
Hulleman, C. S., Durik, A. M., Schweigert, S. A., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2008). Task values, achievement goals, and interest: an integrative analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 398–416. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.100.2.398.
Iran-Nejad, A. (1990). Active and dynamic self-regulation of learning processes. Review of Educational Research, 60, 573–602. doi:10.3102/00346543060004573.
Iran-Nejad, A., & Cecil, C. (1992). Interest and learning: a biofunctional perspective. In K. A. Renninger, S. Hidi, & A. Krapp (Eds.), The role of interest in learning and development (pp. 297–332). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Iran-Nejad, A., & Chissom, B. S. (1992). Contributions of active and dynamic self-regulation to learning. Innovative Higher Education, 17, 125–136.
Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum.
James, W. (1890/1950). The principles of psychology (vol. 2). New York: Dover Publications.
Jirout, J., & Klahr, D. (2012). Children’s scientific curiosity: in search of an operational definition of an elusive construct. Developmental Review, 32, 125–160. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2012.04.002.
Kang, M. J., Hsu, M., Krajbich, I. M., Loewenstein, G., McClure, S. M., Wang, J. T.-Y., & Camerer, C. F. (2009). The wick in the candle of learning: epistemic curiosity activates reward circuitry and enhances memory. Psychological Science, 20, 963–973.
Kashdan, T. B. (2004). Curiosity. In C. Peterson & M. E. P. Seligman (Eds.), Character strengths and virtues: a handbook and classification (pp. 125–141). New York: Oxford University Press.
Kashdan, T. B., Afram, A., Brown, K. W., Birnbeck, M., & Drvoshanov, M. (2011). Curiosity enhances the role of mindfulness in reducing defensive responses to existential threat. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 1227–1232. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.015.
Kashdan, T. B., Gallagher, M. W., Silvia, P. J., Winterstein, B. P., Breen, W. E., Terhar, D., & Steger, M. F. (2009). The curiosity and exploration inventory—II: development, factor structure, and psychometrics. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 987–998. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.011.
Kashdan, T. B., & Roberts, J. E. (2004). Trait and state curiosity in the genesis of intimacy: differentiation from related constructs. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32, 792–816. doi:10.1521/jscp.23.6.792.54800.
Kashdan, T. B., Rose, P., & Fincham, F. D. (2004). Curiosity and exploration: facilitating positive subjective experiences and personal growth opportunities. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82, 291–305. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8203_05.
*Kashdan, T. B., & Yuen, M. (2007). Whether highly curious students thrive academically depends on perceptions about the school learning environment: a study of Hong Kong students. Motivation and Emotion, 31, 260–270. doi: 10.1007/s11031-007-9074-9.
Kjærnsli, M., & Lie, S. (2011). Students’ preference for science careers: international comparisons based on PISA 2006. International Journal of Science Education, 33, 121–144. doi:10.1080/09500693.2010.518642.
Knobloch, S., Patzig, G., Mende, A.-M., & Hastall, M. (2004). Effects of discourse structure in narratives on suspense, curiosity, and enjoyment while reading news and novels. Communication Research, 31(3), 259–287. doi:10.1177/0093650203261517.
Koo, D.-M., & Choi, Y.-Y. (2010). Knowledge search and people with high epistemic curiosity. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 12–22. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.08.013.
Krapp, A. (2002). Structural and dynamic aspects of interest development: theoretical considerations from an ontogenetic perspective. Learning and Instruction, 12, 383–409. doi:10.1016/S0959-4752(01)00011-1.
Krapp, A. (2005). Basic needs and the development of interest and intrinsic-motivational orientations. Learning and Instruction, 15, 381–395. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2005.07.007.
Krapp, A. (2007). An educational-psychological conceptualisation of interest. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 7, 5–21. doi:10.1007/s10775-007-9113-9.
Langevin, R. (1971). Is curiosity a unitary construct? Canadian Journal of Psychology, 25, 360–374. doi:10.1037/h0082397.
Lehman, S., Schraw, G., McCrudden, M. T., & Hartley, K. (2007). Processing and recall of seductive details in scientific text. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 32, 569–587. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2006.07.002.
Leonard, N. H., & Harvey, M. (2007). The trait of curiosity as a predictor of emotional intelligence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37, 1914–1929. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00243.x.
Levitt, H. M., Williams, D. C., Uruk, A. C., Kannan, D., Obana, M., Smith, B. L., & Biss, W. J. (2009). The experience of depth curiosity: the pursuit of congruence despite the danger of engulfment. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 22, 187–212. doi:10.1080/10720530902915093.
*Lin, D., Wong, K. K., & McBridge-Chang, C. (2012). Reading motivation and reading comprehension in Chinese and English among bilingual students. Reading and Writing, 25, 717–737. doi: 10.1007/s11145-011-9297-8.
Linnenbrink, E. A. (2006). Emotion research in education: theoretical and methodological perspectives on the integration of affect, motivation, and cognition. Educational Psychology Review, 18, 307–314. doi:10.1007/s10648-006-9028-x.
Litman, J. A. (2005). Curiosity and the pleasures of learning: wanting and liking new information. Cognition & Emotion, 19(6), 793–814.
Litman, J. A. (2008). Interest and deprivation factors of epistemic curiosity. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1585–1595. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.01.014.
Litman, J. A. (2010). Relationships between measures of I- and D-type curiosity, ambiguity tolerance, and need for closure: an initial test of the wanting-liking model of information seeking. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 397–410. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.005.
Litman, J. A., Collins, R. P., & Spielberger, C. D. (2005). The nature and measurement of sensory curiosity. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 1123–1133. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.05.001.
*Litman, J. A., Crowson, H. M., & Kolinski, K. (2010). Validity of the interest- and deprivation type epistemic curiosity distinction in non-students. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 531–536. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.021
*Litman, J. A., Hutchins, T. L., Russon, R. K. (2005). Epistemic curiosity, feeling-of-knowing and exploratory behaviour. Cognition and Emotion, 19(4), 559–582. doi: 10.1080/0269993044100042.
Litman, J. A., & Jimerson, T. L. (2004). The measurement of curiosity as a feeling of deprivation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82, 147–157. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8202_3.
Litman, J. A., & Pezzo, M. V. (2007). Dimensionality of interpersonal curiosity. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1448–1459. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.021.
Litman, J. A., & Silvia, P. J. (2006). The latent structure of trait curiosity: evidence for interest and deprivation curiosity dimensions. Journal of Personality Assessment, 86(3), 318–328. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8603_07.
Litman, J. A., & Spielberger, C. D. (2003). Measuring epistemic curiosity and its diversive and specific components. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80(1), 75–86. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_16.
Loewenstein, G. (1994). The psychology of curiosity. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 75–98. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.75.
Lowry, N., & Johnson, D. W. (1981). Effects of controversy on epistemic curiosity, achievement, and attitudes. The Journal of Social Psychology, 115, 31–43. doi:10.1080/00224545.1981.9711985.
Maree, J. G. (2012). Career adapt-abilities scale—South African form: psychometric properties and construct validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 730–733.
Mascherek, A., & Zimprich, D. (2012). Stability and change in typical intellectual engagement in old age across 5 years. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67, 309–316. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr101.
Maw, W. H., & Maw, E. W. (1961). Information recognition by children of high and low curiosity. Educational Research Bulletin, 40(80), 197–201.
Maw, W. H., & Maw, E. W. (1966). Children’s curiosity and parental attitudes. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 28, 343–34.
Maw, W. H., & Maw, E. W. (1972). Differences between high- and low-curiosity fifth-grade children in their recognition of verbal absurdities. Journal of Educational Psychology, 63, 558–562. doi:10.1037/h0034075.
McCrea, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1997). Conceptions and correlates to openness to experience. In R. Hogan, J. A. Johnson, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 826–848). San Diego: Academic.
McMahon, M., Watson, M., & Bimrose, J. (2012). Career adaptability: a qualitative understanding from the stories of older women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 762–768. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.016.
Menon, S., & Soman, D. (2002). Managing the power of curiosity for effective web advertising strategies. Journal of Advertising, 31, 1–14.
Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2012). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
Moore, S. G., & Bulbulian, K. N. (1976). The effects of contrasting styles of adult-child interaction on children’s curiosity. Developmental Psychology, 12, 171–172. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.12.2.171.
Murphy, P. K. (1998). Toward a multifaceted model of persuasion: exploring textual and learning interactions. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
Mussel, P. (2010). Epistemic curiosity and related constructs: lacking evidence of discriminant validity. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 506–510. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.014.
Mussel, P., Winter, C., Gelléri, P., & Schuller, H. (2011). Explicating the openness to experience construct and its subdimensions and facets in a work setting. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 19, 145–156. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2011.00542.x.
Naylor, F. D. (1981). A state-trait curiosity inventory. Australian Psychologist, 16, 172–183. doi:10.1080/00050068108255893.
Neblett, E. W., Jr., Philip, C. L., Cogburn, C. D., & Sellers, R. M. (2006). African-American adolescents’ discrimination experiences and academic achievement: racial socialization as a cultural compensatory and protective factor. Journal of Black Psychology, 32, 199–218. doi:10.1177/0095798406287072.
Olson, K. R., & Camp, C. J. (1984). Factor analysis of curiosity measures in adults. Psychological Reports, 54, 492–497. doi:10.2466/pr0.1984.54.2.491.
Pearson, P. H. (1970). Relationships between global and specified measures of novelty seeking. Journal of Counsulting and Clinical Psychology, 34, 199–204. doi:10.1037/h0029010.
Peters, R. A. (1978). Effects of anxiety, curiosity, and perceived instructor threat on student verbal behavior in the college classroom. Journal of Educational Psychology, 70(3), 388–395.
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Assessment and applications. In C. Peterson & M. E. P. Seligman (Eds.), Character strengths and virtues: a handbook and classification (pp. 625–644). New York: Oxford University Press.
Pierce, J. P., Distefan, J. M., Kaplan, R. M., & Gilpin, E. A. (2005). The role of curiosity in smoking initiation. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 685–696.
Reio, T. G., Jr., & Callahan, J. L. (2004). Affect, curiosity, and socialization-related learning: a path analysis of antecedents to job performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19, 3–22. doi:10.1023/B:JOBU.0000040269.72795.ce.
Reio, T. G., Jr., Petrosko, J. M., Wiswell, A. K., & Thongsukmag, J. (2006). The measurement and conceptualization of curiosity. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 167, 117–135.
Reio, T. G., Jr., & Wiswell, A. (2000). Field investigation of the relationship among adult curiosity, workplace learning, and job performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 11, 5–30. doi:10.1002/1532-1096(200021)11:1<5::AID-HRDQ2>3.0.CO;2-A.
Renner, B. (2006). Curiosity about people: the development of a social curiosity measure in adults. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87(3), 305–316. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8703_11.
Renninger, K. A. (2000). Individual interest and its implications for understanding intrinsic motivation. In C. Sansone & J. M. Harackiwiecz (Eds.), Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: the search for optimal motivation and performance (pp. 373–404). San Diego: Academic.
Renninger, K. A., Ewen, L., & Lasher, A. K. (2002). Individual interest as context in expository text and mathematical word problems. Learning and Instruction, 12, 467–490. doi:10.1016/S0959-4752(01)00012-3.
Reeve, J. (1989). The interest-enjoyment distinction in intrinsic motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 13, 83–103. doi:10.1007/BF00992956.
Rosenberg, E. L. (1998). Levels of analysis and the organization of affect. Review of General Psychology, 2, 247–270.
Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110, 145–172. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145.
Schiefele, U. (2009). Situational and individual interest. In K. R. Wentzel & A. Wigfield (Eds.), Handbook of motivation at school (pp. 197–222). New York: Routledge.
Schiefele, U., Krapp, A., Wild, K.-P., & Winteler, A. (1993). Der “Fragebogen zum Studieninteresse” (FSI) [The Study Interest Questionnaire]. Diagnustica, 39, 335–351.
Schmitt, F. F., & Lahroodi, R. (2008). The epistemic value of curiosity. Educational Theory, 58, 125–148. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5446.2008.00281.x.
Schraw, G., & Lehman, S. (2001). Situational interest: a review of the literature and directions for future research. Educational Psychology Review, 13, 23–52. doi:10.1023/A:1009004801455.
Silvia, P. J. (2005). What is interesting? Exploring the appraisal structure of interest. Emotion, 5, 89–102. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.89.
Silvia, P. J. (2006). Exploring the psychology of interest. New York: Oxford University Press.
Silvia, P. J. (2008). Appraisal components and emotion traits: examining the appraisal basis of trait curiosity. Cognition and Emotion, 22, 94–113. doi:10.1080/02699930701298481.
Silvia, P. J., Henson, R. A., & Templin, J. L. (2009). Are the sources of interest the same for everyone? Using multilevel mixture models to explore individual differences in appraisal structures. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 1389–1406. doi:10.1080/02699930902850528.
Silvia, P. J., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009). Interesting things and curious people: exploration and engagement as transient states and enduring strengths. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3, 785–797. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00210.x.
Smalls, C., White, R., Chavous, T., & Sellers, R. (2007). Racial ideological beliefs and racial discrimination experiences as predictors of academic engagement among African American adolescents. Journal of Black Psychology, 33, 299–330. doi:10.1177/0095798407302541.
Spielberger, C. D. (1979). Preliminary manual for the State–Trait Personality Inventory. Unpublished manual, University of South Florida.
Spielberger, C. D., & Starr, L. M. (1994). Curiosity and exploratory behavior. In H. F. O’Neil Jr. & M. Drillings (Eds.), Motivation theory and research (pp. 221–243). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Subbotsky, E. (2010). Curiosity and exploratory behavior towards possible and impossible events in children and adults. British Journal of Psychology, 101, 481–501. doi:10.1348/000712609X470590.
Swan, G. E., & Carmelli, D. (1996). Curiosity and mortality in aging adults: a 5-year follow-up of the western collaborative group study. Psychology and Aging, 11, 449–453. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.11.3.449.
Vidler, D. C., & Rawan, H. R. (1974). Construct validation of a scale of academic curiosity. Psychological Reports, 35, 263–266.
Villiger, C., Niggli, A., Wanderler, C., & Kutzelmann, S. (2012). Does family make a difference? Mid-term effects of a school/home-based intervention program to engage reading motivation. Learning and Instruction, 22, 79–91. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2011.07.001.
von Stumm, S., & Deary, I. J. (2011). Typical intellectual engagement and cognition in the ninth decade of life: the Lothian Birth Cohort of 1921. Psychology and Aging, 27, 761–767. doi:10.1037/a0026527.
Wade, S. E., Schraw, G., Buxton, W. M., & Hayes, M. T. (1993). Seduction of the strategic reader: effects of interest on strategies and recall. Reading Research Quarterly, 28, 93–114.
Wavo, E.-Y.-T. (2004). Honesty, cooperation, and curiosity achievement of some schools on Nanjing (China). IFE PsychologIA, 12, 178–187.
White, H. D. (2009). Scientific communication and literature retrieval. In H. M. Cooper, L. V. Hedges, and J. C. Valentine (Eds.), The Handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis (2nd ed., pp. 51–72). New York: Russell Sage Publications. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books.
Woods-Groves, S., Eaves, R. C., & Williams, T. O., Jr. (2009). Internal consistency of the human behavior rating scale. Psychological Reports, 105, 835–848. doi:10.2466/pr0.105.3.835-848.
Yang, H.-J., & Lay, Y.-L. (2011). Affecting factors and outcome on intermittent internet pulling behavior in Taiwan’s undergraduate students. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 45, 339–357. doi:10.2190/EC.45.3.e.
Zisimopoulos, D. A., & Galanaki, E. P. (2009). Academic intrinsic motivation and perceived academic competence in Greek elementary students with and without learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 24, 33–43. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5826.2008.01275.x.
Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation seeking: beyond the optimal level of arousal. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Patricia A. Alexander, Kathryn Wentzel, David Miele, and Denis Dumas for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript, an anonymous reviewer for helpful feedback related to the need for theory-building, and Amy Koman for her assistance in coding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Table S1
(DOCX 90 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grossnickle, E.M. Disentangling Curiosity: Dimensionality, Definitions, and Distinctions from Interest in Educational Contexts. Educ Psychol Rev 28, 23–60 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-014-9294-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-014-9294-y