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Chlorothalonil tolerance of indole producing bacteria associated to wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) rhizosphere in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico

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Abstract

Chlorothalonil is a commonly used fungicide to control the karnal bunt caused by Tilletia indica Mitra in wheat production from the Yaqui Valley, Mexico. Here, the effect of Chlorothalonil on the growth of 132 bacterial strains associated with wheat rhizosphere from the Yaqui Valley was evaluated, as well as their ability to produce indoles. Thirty-three percent of the evaluated strains were inhibited by Chlorothalonil, being Bacillus and Paenibacillus the most inhibited genera, observing an inhibition >50% of their strains. In addition, 49% of the inhibited strains showed the ability to produce indoles (>5 μg/mL), where the genus Bacillus was the most abundant (80%). The remaining strains (67%) were tolerant to the evaluated fungicide, but only 37% of those showed the ability to produce indoles, which could be considered as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). These results showed that Chlorothalonil is not only an antifungal compound but also inhibits the growth of bacterial strains with the ability to produce indoles. Thus, the intensive application of fungicides to agro-systems needs more validation in order to develop sustainable agricultural practices for food production.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge support by all team members of Laboratorio de Biotecnología del Recurso Microbiano (ITSON) for the support in the present work, and the anonymous reviewers and Editor for their technical review of earlier draft of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was funded by Cátedras CONACyT Program (Project 1774, “Alternativas agrobiotecnológicas para incrementar la competitividad del cultivo de trigo en el Valle del Yaqui: desde su ecología microbiana hasta su adaptabilidad al cambio climático”), and CONACyT (Project 257246, “Interacción trigo x microorganismos promotores del crecimiento vegetal: identificando genes con potencial agro-biotecnológico”).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Col. Centro, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico

    Alondra M. Díaz Rodríguez

  2. Campo Experimental Norman E. Borlaug-INIFAP, 85000 Norman E. Borlaug Km. 12, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico

    Fannie I. Parra Cota

  3. Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico

    Gustavo Santoyo

  4. CONACYT-Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Col. Centro, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico

    Sergio de los Santos Villalobos

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  1. Alondra M. Díaz Rodríguez
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Díaz Rodríguez, A.M., Parra Cota, F.I., Santoyo, G. et al. Chlorothalonil tolerance of indole producing bacteria associated to wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) rhizosphere in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico. Ecotoxicology 28, 569–577 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-019-02053-x

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