Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Modeling Health Disparities and Outcomes in Disenfranchised Populations

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Community Mental Health Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Health Disparities and Outcomes (HDO) model originally created to explain the complexity of obtaining healthcare in rural settings has been revised and updated using emerging theoretical models of adversity and inequity and two decades of empirical work by the authors. With a strong orientation to explaining population-based health inequities, the HDO is applied to individuals with Serious Mental Illness (SMI), to explain their high rates of morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. Individual-, community-, and system-level factors that reflect an understanding of life-long risk, accrued hazards associated with multiple and intersecting disadvantages, and difficulty obtaining healthcare that meets accepted standards are described. The revised HDO can be applied to populations with disproportionate health challenges to identify multi-level factors that affect illness trajectory and overall health outcomes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acharya, B., Hirachan, S., Mandel, J. S., & van Dyke, C. (2016). The mental health education gap among primary care providers in Rural Nepal. Academic Psychiatry, 40(4), 667–671.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, M. L., Cook, B. L., Carson, N., Interian, A., La Roche, M., & Alegría, M. (2017). Patient-provider therapeutic alliance contributes to patient activation in community mental health clinics. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 44(4), 431–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-015-0655-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aschbrenner, K. A., Naslund, J. A., Gill, L., Hughes, T., O’Malley, A. J., Bartels, S. J., & Brunette, M. F. (2017). Qualitative analysis of social network influences on quitting smoking among individuals with serious mental illness. Journal of Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2017.1340600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bachrach, L. L. (1983). Psychiatric services in rural areas: A sociological overview. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 34(3), 215–226.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balogun, S. A., Yusuff, H. A., Yusuf, K. Q., Al-Shenqiti, A. M., Balogun, M. T., & Tettey, P. (2017). Maternal education and child immunization: The mediating roles of maternal literacy and socioeconomic status. Pan African Medical Journal, 26, 217. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2017.26.217.11856.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baum, F., & Palmer, C. (2002). ‘Opportunity structures’: Urban landscape, social capital and health promotion in Australia. Health Promotion International, 17(4), 351–361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beach, M. C., Saha, S., Korthuis, P. T., Sharp, V., Cohn, J., Wilson, I., … Moore, R. (2010). Differences in patient-provider communication for Hispanic compared to non-Hispanic white patients in HIV care. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25(7), 682–687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1310-4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bellamy, C. D., Flanagan, E. H., Costa, M., O’Connell-Bonarrigo, M., Tana Le, T., Guy, K., … Steiner, J. L. (2017). Barriers and facilitators of healthcare for people with mental illness: Why integrated patient centered healthcare is necessary. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 37(6), 421–428. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2016.1162882.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben Natan, M., & Hochman, O. (2017). Patient-centered care in healthcare and its implementation in nursing. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 10(1), 596–600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, M. L. (2003). Health care cost, quality, and outcomes: ISPOR book of terms. Lawrenceville: International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berwick, D. M., Nolan, T. W., & Whittington, J. (2008). The triple aim: Care, health, and cost. Health Affairs, 27(3), 759–769. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.27.3.759.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bird, C. E., Lang, M. E., & Rieker, P. P. (2010). Changing gendered patterns of morbidity and mortality. In E. Kuhlmann, E. Annandale (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of gender and health care (pp. 125–141). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, C. E., & Rieker, P. P. (2008). Gender and health: The effects of constrained choices and social policies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Blanchard, J., & Lurie, N. (2004). RESPECT: Patient reports of disrespect in the health care setting and its impact on care. Journal of Family Practice, 53(9), 721–730.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blixen, C. E., Kanuch, S., Perzynski, A. T., Thomas, C., Dawson, N. V., & Sajatovic, M. (2016). Barriers to self-management of serious mental illness and diabetes. American Journal of Health Behavior, 40(2), 194–204.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Blythe, J., & White, J. (2012). Role of the mental health nurse towards physical health care in serious mental illness: An integrative review of 10 years of UK literature. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 21(3), 193–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bock, G., & Whelan, J. & Ciba Foundation (1991). The childhood environment and adult disease. Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borba, C. P., DePadilla, L., McCarty, F. A., von Esenwein, S. A., Druss, B. G., & Sterk, C. E. (2012). A qualitative study examining the perceived barriers and facilitators to medical healthcare services among women with a serious mental illness. Womens Health Issues, 22(2), e217–e224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boscoe, F. P. (2011). Geographic proximity to treatment for early stage breast cancer and likelihood of mastectomy. Breast, 20(4), 324–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2011.02.020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, T., & Pedley, R. (2012). Evolving role of mental health nurses in the physical health care of people with serious mental health illness. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 21(3), 266–273.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braveman, P., & Barclay, C. (2009). Health disparities beginning in childhood: A life-course perspective. Pediatrics, 124(Suppl 3), 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-1100D.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32(7), 513–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, L. M., Lichter, D. T., Baker, R. S., & Eason, J. M. (2013). Inequality, family processes, and health in the “New” Rural America. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(8), 1128–1151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213487348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cabassa, L. J., Gomes, A. P., Meyreles, Q., Capitelli, L., Younge, R., Dragatsi, D., … Lewis-Fern·ndez, R. (2014). Primary health care experiences of hispanics with serious mental illness: A mixed-methods study. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 41(6), 724–736.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calkins, L. E., Michelson, I. R., & Corso, A. S. (2013). Provider proximity as a predictor of referral rate and success. Psychological Services, 10(4), 395–400. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029988.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calo, W. A., Cubillos, L., Breen, J., Hall, M., Rojas, K. F., Mooneyham, R., … Reuland, D. S. (2015). Experiences of Latinos with limited English proficiency with patient registration systems and their interactions with clinic front office staff: An exploratory study to inform community-based translational research in North Carolina. BMC Health Services Research, 15, 570.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J. E., Diez-Roux, A. V., Adler, N. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2013). Socioeconomic factors and leukocyte telomere length in a multi-ethnic sample: Findings from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 28, 108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.024.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, A., Greene, S., Nicholson, V., O’Brien, N., Dahlby, J., de Pokomandy, A., … Team, C. R. (2016). “It’s a very isolating world’: The journey to HIV care for women living with HIV in British Columbia, Canada. Gender Place and Culture, 23(7), 941–954. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369x.2015.1073701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castner, J., Wu, Y.-W. B., Mehrok, N., Gadre, A., & Hewner, S. (2015). Frequent emergency department utilization and behavioral health diagnoses. Nursing Research, 64(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/nnr.0000000000000065.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cefalu, W. T. (2017). Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care, 40(1), S120–S127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chee Khoon, C. (2009). Choosing health, constrained choices. Global Health Promotion, 16(4), 54–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975909348131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, T. L., & Solomon, B. S. (2014). Translating life course theory to clinical practice to address health disparities. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 18(2), 389–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1279-9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chhabra, K. R., Pollak, K. I., Lee, S. J., Back, A. L., Goldman, R. E., & Tulsky, J. A. (2013). Physician communication styles in initial consultations for hematological cancer. Patient Education and Counseling, 93(3), 573–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2013.08.023.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chin, M. H., Zhang, J. X., & Merrell, K. (1998). Diabetes in the African-American Medicare population: Morbidity, quality of care, and resource utilization. Diabetes Care, 21(7), 1090–1095.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chronister, J., Chou, C.-C., & Liao, H.-Y. (2013). The role of stigma, coping, and social support in mediating the effect of social stigma on internalized stigma, mental health recovery, and quality of life among people with Serious Mental Illness. Journal of Community Psychology, 41(5), 582–600. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D. (2013). Annual research review: Resilient functioning in maltreated children–past, present, and future perspectives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4), 402–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02608.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, C. A., Miller, T., Chang, E. T., Yin, D. X., Cockburn, M., & Gomez, S. L. (2010). Racial and social class gradients in life expectancy in contemporary California. Social Science & Medicine, 70(9), 1373–1380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.01.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clausen, W., Watanabe-Galloway, S., Bill Baerentzen, M., & Britigan, D. H. (2016). Health literacy among people with serious mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal, 52(4), 399–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-015-9951-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, K. O. W., Gudzune, K. A., Bleich, S. N., Cheskin, L. J., Bennett, W. L., Cooper, L. A., & Roter, D. L. (2017). Providing prenatal care to pregnant women with overweight or obesity: Differences in provider communication and ratings of the patient-provider relationship by patient body weight. Patient Education and Counseling, 100(6), 1103–1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.12.030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, E., Tranter, S., & Irvine, F. (2012). The physical health of the seriously mentally ill: An overview of the literature. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 19(7), 638–646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01831.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan, P., & Rüsch, N. (2002). Mental illness stereotypes and clinical care: Do people avoid treatment because of stigma? American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 6(3), 312–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, K., Mahone, I., & Merwin, E. (2008). Improving the quality of rural nursing care. Annual Review of Nursing Research, 26, 175–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, A. H., Gelder, M. G., Rix, S., Meltzer, H. I., & Rowlands, O. J. (2000). Stigmatisation of people with mental illnesses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 4–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cubanski, J., & Neuman, P. (2010). Medicare doesn’t work as well for younger, disabled beneficiaries as it does for older enrollees. Health Affairs, 29(9), 1725–1733. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0962.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, S., Curtis, S., Diez-Roux, A. V., & Macintyre, S. (2007). Understanding and representing ‘place’ in health research: A relational approach. Social Science & Medicine, 65(9), 1825–1838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.036.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlem, C. H., Villarruel, A. M., & Ronis, D. L. (2015). African American women and prenatal care: Perceptions of patient-provider interaction. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 37(2), 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945914533747.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, B., Steele, R., Krueger, G., Albersheim, S., Baird, J., Bifirie, M., … Zhao, Y. (2017). Best practice in provider/parent interaction. Qualitative Health Research, 27(3), 406–420. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316664712.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Hert, M., Cohen, D., Bobes, J., Cetkovich-Bakmas, M., Leucht, S., Ndetei, D. M., … Correll, C. U. (2011). Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. Barriers to care, monitoring and treatment guidelines, plus recommendations at the system and individual level. World Psychiatry, 10(2), 138–151.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Degenholtz, H. B., Park, M., Kang, Y. H., & Nadash, P. (2016). Variations among medicare beneficiaries living in different settings: Demographics, health status, and service use. Research on Aging, 38(5), 602–616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027515598557.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeGuzman, P. B., Merwin, E. I., & Bourguignon, C. (2013). Population density, distance to public transportation, and health of women in low-income neighborhoods. Public Health Nursing, 30(6), 478–490. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12051.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Detz, A., Mangione, C. M., de Jaimes, F. N., Noguera, C., Morales, L. S., Tseng, C. H., & Moreno, G. (2014). Language concordance, interpersonal care, and diabetes self-care in Rural Latino patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 29(12), 1650–1656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-014-3006-7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dossett, M. L., Mu, L., Davis, R. B., Bell, I. R., Lembo, A. J., Kaptchuk, T. J., & Yeh, G. Y. (2015). Patient-provider interactions affect symptoms in gastroesophageal reflux disease: A pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 10(9), e0136855. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136855.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Drapalski, A. L., Milford, J., Goldberg, R. W., Brown, C. H., & Dixon, L. B. (2008). Perceived barriers to medical care and mental health care among veterans with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 59(8), 921–924.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Druss, B. G., Zhao, L., Von Esenwein, S., Morrato, E. H., & Marcus, S. C. (2011). Understanding excess mortality in persons with Mental Illness 17-year follow up of a nationally representative US survey. Medical Care, 49(6), 599–604. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31820bf86e.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich, C., Kendall, E., Frey, N., Kisely, S., & Crowe, E. (2014). Improving the physical health of people with severe mental illness: Boundaries of care provision. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 23(3), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12050.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elder, G. H. Jr. (1998). The life course as developmental theory. Society for Research in Child Development, 69(1), 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, B. H., Lincoln, A. K., Charney, M. E., Ford-Paz, R., Benson, M., & Strunin, L. (2010). Mental health service utilization of Somali adolescents: Religion, community, and school as gateways to healing. Transcultural Psychiatry, 47(5), 789–811. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461510379933.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Entwistle, V. A., Carter, S. M., Cribb, A., & McCaffery, K. (2010). Supporting patient autonomy: The importance of clinician-patient relationships. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25(7), 741–745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1292-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, F. H. (1996). Cardiovascular disease epidemiology: A journey from the past into the future. Circulation, 93(9), 1755–1764.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, G. W., & Kim, P. (2010). Multiple risk exposure as a potential explanatory mechanism for the socioeconomic status-health gradient. In N. E. Adler & J. Stewart (Eds.), Biology of disadvantage: Socioeconomic status and health (Vol. 1186, pp. 174–189). San Francisco: University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J., Merwin, E., & Blank, M. (1995). De Facto mental health services in the Rural South. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 6(4), 434–468. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frohlich, K. L., Corin, E., & Potvin, L. (2001). A theoretical proposal for the relationship between context and disease. Sociology of Health & Illness, 23(6), 776–797.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galvan, F. H., Bogart, L. M., Klein, D. J., Wagner, G. J., & Chen, Y. T. (2017). Medical mistrust as a key mediator in the association between perceived discrimination and adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive Latino men. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-017-9843-1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gerwing, J., Indseth, T., & Gulbrandsen, P. (2016). A microanalysis of the clarity of information in physicians’ and patients’ discussions of treatment plans with and without language barriers. Patient Education and Counseling, 99(4), 522–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2015.10.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. R., Stevenson, D., & Fryback, D. G. (2002). HALYs and QALYs and DALYs, oh my: Similarities and differences in summary measures of population health. Annual Review of Public Health, 23(1), 115–134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graumlich, J. F., Wang, H., Madison, A., Wolf, M. S., Kaiser, D., Dahal, K., & Morrow, D. G. (2016). Effects of a patient-provider, collaborative, medication-planning tool: A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2016(9), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grimes, C. E., Bowman, K. G., Dodgion, C. M., & Lavy, C. B. (2011). Systematic review of barriers to surgical care in low-income and middle-income countries. World Journal of Surgery, 35(5), 941–950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-011-1010-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haas, S. (2008). Trajectories of functional health: The ‘long arm’ of childhooc health and socioeconomic factors. Social Science & Medicine, 66, 849–861.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halfon, N. (2012). Addressing health inequalities in the US: A life course health development approach. Social Science & Medicine, 74(5), 671–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.12.016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halfon, N., & Hochstein, M. (2002). Life course health development: An integrated framework for developing health, policy, and research. Milbank Quarterly, 80(3), 433–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.00019.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J. A., Epstein, A. M., DeCiantis, M. L., & McNeil, B. J. (1993). Physicians’ liking for their patients: More evidence for the role of affect in medical care. Health Psychology, 12, 140–146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamann, J., Leucht, S., & Kissling, W. (2003). Shared decision making in psychiatry. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 107(6), 403–409. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00130.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock, A. (2007). Intersectionality as a normative and empirical paradigm. Politics and Gender, 3(2), 248–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hankivsky, O., Reid, C., Cormier, R., Varcoe, C., Clark, N., Benoit, C., & Brotman, S. (2010). Exploring the promises of intersectionality for advancing women’s health research. International Journal for Equity in Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-9-5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hanrahan, N. P., Rolin-Kenny, D., Roman, J., Kumar, A., Aiken, L., & Blank, M. (2011). Promoting self-care management among persons with serious mental illness and HIV. Home Health Care Management and Practice, 23(6), 421–427. https://doi.org/10.1177/1084822311405457.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Happell, B., Scott, D., Platania-Phung, C., & Nankivell, J. (2012). Should we or shouldn’t we? Mental health nurses’ views on physical health care of mental health consumers. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 21(3), 202–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0349.2011.00799.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hargraves, I., LeBlanc, A., Shah, N. D., & Montori, V. M. (2016). Shared decision making: The need for patient-clinician conversation, not just information. Health Affairs, 35(4), 627–629. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauenstein, E. J. (1996). A nursing practice paradigm for depressed rural women: Theoretical basis. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 10(5), 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0883-9417(96)80037-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauenstein, E. J. (2003). No comfort in the Rural South: Women living depressed. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 17(1), 3–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauenstein, E. J. (2008). Building the rural mental health system: From De Facto system to quality care. Annual Review of Nursing Research, 26, 143–173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauenstein, E. J. (2012). Women and depression: Theoretical perspectives and research outcomes. In J. J. Fitzpatrick & M. W. Kazer (Eds.), Encyclopedia of nursing research (3rd ed., pp. 119–122). New York: Springer Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauenstein, E. J., & Peddada, S. D. (2007). Prevalence of major depressive episodes in Rural Women using primary care. Journal of Health Care for the Poor & Underserved, 18(1), 185–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hauenstein, E. J., Petterson, S., Merwin, E., Rovnyak, V., Heise, B., & Wagner, D. (2006). Rurality, gender, and mental health treatment. Family & Community Health, 29(3), 169–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hauenstein, E. J., Petterson, S., Rovnyak, V., Merwin, E., Heise, B., & Wagner, D. (2007). Rurality and mental health treatment. Administration and Policy in Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-006-0105-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hausmann, L. R. M., Hannon, M. J., Kresevic, D. M., Hanusa, B. H., Kwoh, C. K., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2011). Impact of perceived discrimination in health care on patient-provider communication. Medical Care, 49(7), 626–633. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e318215d93c.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Haynes, T. F., Cheney, A. M., Sullivan, J. G., Bryant, K., Curran, G. M., Olson, M., … Reaves, C. (2017). Addressing mental health needs: Perspectives of African Americans living in the Rural South. Psychiatric Services, 68(6), 573–578. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201600208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haywood, C., Lanzkron, S., Bediako, S., Strouse, J. J., Haythornthwaite, J., Carroll, C. P., … Investigators, I. (2014). Perceived discrimination, patient trust, and adherence to medical recommendations among persons with sickle cell disease. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 29(12), 1657–1662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-014-2986-7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Herd, P., Goesling, B., & House, J. S. (2007). Socioeconomic position and health: The differential effects of education versus income on the onset versus progression of health problems. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 48(3), 223–238.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, S. E., Bell, C., Bowie, J. V., Kelley, E., Furr-Holden, D., LaVeist, T. A., & Thorpe, R. J. (2017). Differences in obesity among men of diverse racial and ethnic background. American Journal of Mens Health, 11(4), 984–989. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988315580348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hudelson, P. (2005). Improving patient-provider communication: Insights from interpreters. Family Practice, 22(3), 311–316. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmi015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, R., & United States (2008). Patient safety and quality: An evidence-based handbook for nurses. Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. C., Chen, W., Gardner, J. P., Kimura, M., Srinivasan, S. R., Eckfeldt, J. H., … Aviv, A. (2008). Leukocyte telomeres are longer in African Americans than in Whites: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study and the Bogalusa Heart Study. Aging Cell, 7(4), 451–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00397.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Institute of Medicine (U.S.). (2001). Crossing the quality chasm: A new health system for the 21st century. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Institute of Medicine (U.S.). (2006). Improving the quality of health care for mental and substance-use conditions. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iturralde, E., Weissberg-Benchell, J., & Hood, K. K. (2016). Avoidant coping and diabetes-related distress: Pathways to adolescents’ Type 1 diabetes outcomes. Health Psychology, 36(3), 236–244. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000445.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, C. S., Oman, M., Patel, A. M., & Vega, K. J. (2016). Health disparities in colorectal cancer among racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology, 7(Suppl 1), 32–43. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jameson, J. P., & Blank, M. (2010). Diagnosis and treatment of depression and anxiety in rural and nonrural primary care: National survey results. Psychiatric Services, 61(6), 624–627.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jayasinghe, U. W., Harris, M. F., Parker, S. M., Litt, J., van Driel, M., & Mazza, D., … On behalf of the Preventive Evidence into Practice Partnership (2016). The impact of health literacy and life style risk factors on health-related quality of life of Australian patients. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 14, 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-016-0471-1. G.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jochems, E. C., van Dam, A., Duivenvoorden, H. J., Scheffer, S. C., van der Feltz-Cornelis, C. M., & Mulder, N. L. (2016). Different perspectives of clinicians and patients with severe mental illness on motivation for treatment. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 23(5), 438–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kane, C. F., Thompson-Heisterman, A., Hinton, I. D., Burkett, B. J., Merwin, E., & Chen, D. (2001). In Outcomes for patients discharged from state psychiatric inpatient care. Charlottesville: Report prepared for Office of the Inspector General, Southeastern Rural Mental Health Research Center, University of Virginia Health System.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang, J. S., Kim, E., Park, J., Medalia, A., & Choi, K.-H. (2017). The role of clinician in learning and motivation during cognitive remediation for people with severe mental illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 43(1), S215.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R. M., Howard, V. J., Safford, M. M., & Howard, G. (2015). Educational attainment and longevity: Results from the REGARDS US national cohort study of blacks and whites. Annals of Epidemiology, 25(5), 323–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.01.017.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kawatkar, A. A., Knight, T. K., Moss, R. A., Sikirica, V., Chu, L. H., Hodgkins, P., … Nichol, M. B. (2014). Impact of mental health comorbidities on health care utilization and expenditure in a large US managed care adult population with ADHD. Value in Health, 17(6), 661–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.7014.06.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kindig, D. A. (2007). Understanding population health terminology. The Milbank Quarterly, 85(1), 139–161.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kruse, R. L., Olsberg, J. E., Oliver, D. P., Shigaki, C. L., Vetter-Smith, M. J., & LeMaster, J. W. (2013). Patient-provider communication about diabetes self-care activities. Family Medicine, 45(5), 319–322.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuh, D., & Ben-Shlomo, Y. (2004). A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kutner, M., Greenburg, E., Jin, Y., & Pausen, C. (2006). Health literacy of America’s adults: Results from the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy. Washington: US Department of Education. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?db=ehh&jid=%223GV1%22&scope=site.

  • Kwon, T. Y. (2015). Identifying depressive symptom trajectory groups among Korean adults and psychosocial factors as group determinants. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 61, 394–403. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764015573847.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laursen, T. M., Musliner, K. L., Benros, M. E., Vestergaard, M., & Munk-Olsen, T. (2016). Mortality and life expectancy in persons with severe unipolar depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 193, 203–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.067.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, D., & Kisely, S. (2010). Inequalities in healthcare provision for people with severe mental illness. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 24(Suppl 4), 61–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leung, J., Smith, A., Atherton, I., & McLaughlin, D. (2016). “Everybody knows everybody else’s business"—Privacy in Rural communities. Journal of Cancer Education, 31(4), 811–812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-015-0862-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levesque, J. F., Harris, M. F., & Russell, G. (2013). Patient-centred access to health care: Conceptualising access at the interface of health systems and populations. International Journal of Equity in Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-12-18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linz, S. J., & Sturm, B. A. (2013). The phenomenon of social isolation in the severely mentally ill. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 49(4), 243–254.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, N. H., Daumit, G. L., Dua, T., Aquila, R., Charlson, F., Cuijpers, P., … Saxena, S. (2017). Excess mortality in persons with severe mental disorders: A multilevel intervention framework and priorities for clinical practice, policy and research agendas. World Psychiatry, 16(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20384.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ljungqvist, I., Topor, A., Forssell, H., Svensson, I., & Davidson, L. (2016). Money and mental illness: A study of the relationship between poverty and serious psychological problems. Community Mental Health Journal, 52(7), 842–850. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-015-9950-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009). Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(6), 434–445. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2639.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macintyre, S., Ellaway, A., & Cummins, S. (2002). Place effects on health: How can we conceptualise, operationalise and measure them? Social Science & Medicine, 55(1), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00214-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, M. J., Korpela, K., Mennis, J., Coatsworth, J. D., Valente, T. W., Pomponio, A., & Pate, P. A. (2010). Patterns of place based self regulation and associated mental health of urban adolescents. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(2), 155–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthias, M. S., Parpart, A. L., Nyland, K. A., Huffman, M. A., Stubbs, D. L., Sargent, C., & Bair, M. J. (2010). The patient-provider relationship in chronic pain care: Providers’ perspectives. Pain Medicine, 11(11), 1688–1697. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00980.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayberry, R. M., Nicewander, D. A., Qin, H., & Ballard, D. J. (2006). Improving quality and reducing inequities: A challenge in achieving best care. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 19(2), 103–118.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen, B. S. (1998). Stress, adaptation, and disease—Allostasis and allostatic load. In S. M. McCann, J. M. Lipton, E. M. Sternberg, G. P. Chrousos, P. W. Gold & C. C. Smith (Eds.), Neuroimmunomodulation: Molecular aspects, integrative systems, and clinical advances (Vol. 840, pp. 33–44). New York: New York Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meeusen, A. J., & Porter, R. (2015). Patient-reported use of personalized video recordings to improve neurosurgical patient-provider communication. Cureus, 7(6), e273. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.273.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta, P. K., Wei, J., & Wenger, N. K. (2015). Ischemic heart disease in women: A focus on risk factors. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, 25(2), 140–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2014.10.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merwin, E., Hinton, I., Dembling, B., & Stern, S. (2003). Shortages of rural mental health professionals. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 17(1), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1053/apnu.2003.1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merwin, E., Snyder, A., & Katz, E. (2006). Differential access to quality rural healthcare—Professional and policy challenges. Family & Community Health, 29(3), 186–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, B. J., Paschall, C. B., III, & Svendsen, D. P. (2006). Mortality and medical comorbidity among patients with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 57(10), 1482–1487.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, G. E., & Chen, E. (2010). Harsh family climate in early life presages the emergence of a proinflammatory phenotype in adolescence. Psychological Science, 21(6), 848–856. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610370161.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mistiaen, P., Osch, M., Vliet, L., Howick, J., Bishop, F. L., Di Blasi, Z., … Dulmen, S. (2016). The effect of patient-practitioner communication on pain: A systematic review. European Journal of Pain, 20(5), 675–688.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monnat, S. M., & Chandler, R. F. (2015). Long-term physical health consequences of adverse childhood experiences. The Sociological Quarterly, 56(4), 723–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/tsq.12107.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Monson, E., Paquet, C., Daniel, M., Brunet, A., & Caron, J. (2016). Place and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29(4), 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R. C., Marquine, M. J., Straus, E., Depp, C. A., Moore, D. J., Schiehser, D. M., … Eyler, L. T. (2017). Predictors and barriers to mental health treatment utilization among older veterans living with HIV. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.16m02059.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morlock, L. L. (1989). Recognition and treatment of mental health problems in the general health sector. In C. A. Taube, D. Mechanic & A. A. Hohmann (Eds.), The future of mental health services research (pp. 39–61). Rockville: National Institute of Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, M., Edelhauser, F., Kreps, G. L., Scheffer, C., Lutz, G., Tauschel, D., & Visser, A. (2010). Can patient-provider interaction increase the effectiveness of medical treatment or even substitute it?—An exploration on why and how to study the specific effect of the provider. Patient Education and Counseling, 80(3), 307–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2010.07.020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oetzel, J., Wilcox, B., Avila, M., Hill, R., Archiopoli, A., & Ginossar, T. (2015). Patient-provider interaction, patient satisfaction, and health outcomes: testing explanatory models for people living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Care, 27(8), 972–978. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2015.1015478.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panelli, R., & Gallagher, L. M. (2003). “It’s your whole way of life really”: Negotiating work, health and gender. Health & Place, 9(2), 95–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parry, C. D., Blank, M. B., & Pithey, A. L. (2007). Responding to the threat of HIV among persons with mental illness and substance abuse. Current Opinions in Psychiatry, 20(3), 235–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paton, C., Esop, R., Young, C., & Taylor, D. (2004). Obesity, dyslipidaemias and smoking in an inpatient population treated with antipsychotic drugs. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110(4), 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00372.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peek, M. E., Lopez, F. Y., Williams, H. S., Xu, L. J., McNulty, M. C., Acree, M. E., & Schneider, J. A. (2016). Development of a conceptual framework for understanding shared decision making among African-American LGBT patients and their clinicians. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 31(6), 677–687.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, B. L., & Pescosolido, B. A. (2015). Social network activation: the role of health discussion partners in recovery from mental illness. Social Science & Medicine, 125, 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.12.033.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pescosolido, B. A., Gardner, C. B., & Lubell, K. M. (1998). How people get into mental health services: Stories of choice, coercion and “muddling through” from “first-timers”. Social Science & Medicine, 46(2), 275–286.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pescosolido, B. A., Monahan, J., Link, B. G., Stueve, A., & Kikuzawa, S. (1999). The public’s view of the competence, dangerousness, and need for legal coercion of persons with mental health problems. American Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1339–1345. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.89.9.1339.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Petterson, S., Williams, I. C., Hauenstein, E. J., Rovnyak, V., & Merwin, E. (2009). Race and ethnicity and rural mental health treatment. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 20(3), 662–677.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Phelan, M., Stradins, L., & Morrison, S. (2001). Physical health of people with severe mental illness—Can be improved if primary care and mental health professionals pay attention to it. British Medical Journal, 322(7284), 443–444. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7284.443.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Piatt, E. E., Munetz, M. R., & Ritter, C. (2010). An examination of premature mortality among decedents with Serious Mental Illness and those in the general population. Psychiatric Services, 61(7), 663–668.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pilnick, A., Hindmarsh, J., & Gill, V. T. (2009). Beyond ‘doctor and patient’: Developments in the study of healthcare interactions. Sociology of Health & Illness, 31(6), 787–802. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2009.01194.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poortaghi, S., Raiesifar, A., Bozorgzad, P., Golzari, S. E., Parvizy, S., & Rafii, F. (2015). Evolutionary concept analysis of health seeking behavior in nursing: A systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 15, 523. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-1181-9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Popay, J., Thomas, C., Williams, G., Bennett, S., Gatrell, A., & Bostock, L. (2003). A proper place to live: Health inequalities, agency and the normative dimensions of space. Social Science & Medicine, 57, 55–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popolo, A., Autore, G., Pinto, A., & Marzocco, S. (2013). Oxidative stress in patients with cardiovascular disease and chronic renal failure. Free Radical Research, 47(5), 346–356. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715762.2013.779373.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(3), 390–395.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qamar, N., Pappalardo, A. A., Arora, V. M., & Press, V. G. (2011). Patient-centered care and its effect on outcomes in the treatment of asthma. Patient Related Outcome Measures, 2, 81–109. https://doi.org/10.2147/PROM.S12634.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Raeisi-Giglou, P., Volgman, A. S., Patel, H., Campbell, S., Villablanca, A., & Hsich, E. (2017). Advances in Cardiovascular Health in women over the past decade: Guideline recommendations for practice. Journal of Womens Health. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2016.6316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raue, P. J., Schulberg, H. C., Heo, M., Klimstra, S., & Bruce, M. L. (2009). Patients’ depression treatment preferences and initiation, adherence, and outcome: A randomized primary care study. Psychiatric Services, 60(3), 337–343.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J. D., Turner, J. W., Levine, B., & Tian, Y. (2010). Patient-provider interaction and the regulation of diabetes mellitus. Health Communication, 25(6–7), 597–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2010.496831.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robson, D., & Gray, R. (2007). Serious mental illness and physical health problems: A discussion paper. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44(3), 457–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.07.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruberton, P. M., Huynh, H. P., Miller, T. A., Kruse, E., Chancellor, J., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2016). The relationship between physician humility, physician-patient communication, and patient health. Patient Education and Counseling, 99(7), 1138–1145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russ, S. A., Larson, K., Tullis, E., & Halfon, N. (2014). A lifecourse approach to health development: Implications for the maternal and child health research agenda. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 18(2), 497–510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1284-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saatcioglu, B., & Corus, C. (2014). Poverty and intersectionality: A multidimensional look into the lives of the impoverished. Journal of Macromarketing, 34(2), 122–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146713520600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sameroff, A. J., Seifer, R., Baldwin, A., & Baldwin, C. (1993). Stability of intelligence from preschool to adolescence: The influence of social and family risk factors. Child Development, 64(1), 80–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02896.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sameroff, A. J., Seifer, R., Barocas, R., Zax, M., & Greenspan, S. (1987). Intelligence quotient scores of 4-year old children: Social-environmental risk factors. Pediatrics, 79(3), 343–350.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schattner, A. (2014). The clinical encounter revisited. American Journal of Medicine, 127(4), 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.11.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schillinger, D., Wang, F., Rodriguez, M., Bindman, A., & Machtinger, E. L. (2006). The importance of establishing regimen concordance in preventing medication errors in anticoagulant care. Journal of Health Communication, 11(6), 555–567. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730600829874.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze, B. (2007). Stigma and mental health professionals: A review of the evidence on an intricate relationship. International Review of Psychiatry, 19(2), 137–155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seng, J. S., Lopez, W. D., Sperlich, M., Hamama, L., & Meldrum, C. D. R. (2012). Marginalized identities, discrimination burden, and mental health: Empirical exploration of an interpersonal-level approach to modeling intersectionality. Social Science & Medicine, 75(12), 2437–2445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.09.023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shrivastava, A., Johnston, M., & Bureau, Y. (2012). Stigma of mental illness-1: Clinical reflections. MSM, 10(1), 70–84.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shuler, K. M. (2014). Approaches to improve adherence to pharmacotherapy in patients with schizophrenia. Patient Preference Adherence, 8, 701–714.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Simien, E. (2007). Doing intersectionality research: From conceptual issues to practical examples. Politics and Gender, 3(2), 264–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. G., Wolf, M. S., & von Wagner, C. (2010). Socioeconomic status, statistical confidence, and patient-provider communication: An analysis of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 2007). Journal of Health Communication, 15(Suppl 3), 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2010.522690.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Socías, M. E., Koehoorn, M., & Shoveller, J. (2016). Gender inequalities in access to health care among adults living in British Columbia, Canada. Women’s Health Issues, 26(1), 74–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2015.08.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Söderhamn, O. (1998). Self-care ability in a group of elderly Swedish people: A phenomenological study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 28(4), 745–753.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorkin, D. H., Murphy, M., Nguyen, H., & Biegler, K. A. (2016). Barriers to mental health care for an ethnically and racially diverse sample of older adults. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 64(10), 2138–2143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, S., Merwin, E., Hauenstein, E., Hinton, I., Rovnyak, V., Wilson, M., … Mahone, I. (2010). The effects of rurality on mental and physical health. Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology, 10(1–2), 33–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10742-010-0062-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stiffman, A. R., Pescosolido, B., & Cabassa, L. J. (2004). Building a model to understand youth service access: The Gateway Provider Model. Mental Health Services Research, 6(4), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:mhsr.0000044745.09952.33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Strachan, D. P. (1997). A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Syed, S. T., Gerber, B. S., & Sharp, L. K. (2013). Traveling towards disease: Transportation barriers to health care access. Journal of Community Health, 38(5), 976–993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-013-9681-1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, T. L., DiClemente, R., & Snell, S. (2014). Overcoming the triad of rural health disparities: How local culture, lack of economic opportunity, and geographic location instigate health disparities. Health Education Journal, 73(3), 285–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896912471049.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thongsai, S., Gray, R., & Bressington, D. (2016). The physical health of people with schizophrenia in Asia: Baseline findings from a physical health check programme. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 23(5), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsouroufli, M., Rees, C. E., Monrouxe, L. V., & Sundaram, V. (2011). Gender, identities and intersectionality in medical education research. Medical Education, 45(3), 213–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03908.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • U. K. Department of Health (2002). The social and economic circumstances of adults with mental disorders (Report No. 0116215631). London: TSO. Retrieved from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsStatistics/DH_4081142.

  • van Hasselt, F. M., Oud, M. J. T., & Loonen, A. J. M. (2013). Improvement of care for the physical health of patients with Severe Mental Illness: A qualitative study assessing the view of patients and families. BMC Health Services Research, 13, 426–426. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-426.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vedana, K. G. G., Silva, D. R. A., Miasso, A. I., Zanetti, A. C. G., & Borges, T. L. (2017). The meaning of stigma for people with mental disorders in Brazil. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2017.1346013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veenstra, G. (2011). Race, gender, class, and sexual orientation: Intersecting axes of inequality and self-rated health in Canada. International Journal for Equity in Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-10-3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Velligan, D. I., Roberts, D. L., Sierra, C., Fredrick, M. M., & Roach, M. J. (2016). What patients with severe mental illness transitioning from hospital to community have to say about care and shared decision-making. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 37(6), 400–405. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2015.1132289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Velligan, D. I., Sajatovic, M., Hatch, A., Kramata, P., & Docherty, J. P. (2017). Why do psychiatric patients stop antipsychotic medication? A systematic review of reasons for nonadherence to medication in patients with serious mental illness. Patient Preference and Adherence, 11, 449–468. https://doi.org/10.2147/ppa.s124658.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Viron, M. J., & Stern, T. A. (2010). The impact of serious mental illness on health and healthcare. Psychosomatics, 51(6), 458–465.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wadsworth, M. E. J. (1999). Social determinants of health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walby, S. (2007). Complexity theory, systems theory, and multiple intersecting social inequalities. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 37(4), 449–470. https://doi.org/10.1177/0048393107307663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, D. F., & Brown, T. H. (2011). Understanding how race/ethnicity and gender define age-trajectories of disability: An intersectionality approach. Social Science & Medicine, 72(8), 1236–1248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.02.034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, A. M., Philogene, G. S., Fine, L., & Sinha, S. (2009). Social support and self-reported health status of older adults in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 99(10), 1872–1878. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.146894.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • White, R. O., Chakkalakal, R. J., Presley, C. A., Bian, A., Schildcrout, J. S., Wallston, K. A., … Rothman, R. (2016). Perceptions of provider communication among vulnerable patients with diabetes: Influences of medical mistrust and health literacy. Journal of Health Communication, 21(sup2), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2016.1207116.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Whitson, H. E., Johnson, K. S., Sloane, R., Cigolle, C. T., Pieper, C. F., Landerman, L., & Hastings, S. N. (2016). Identifying patterns of multimorbidity in older Americans: Application of latent class analysis. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 64(8), 1668–1673. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14201.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Winker, G., & Degele, N. (2011). Intersectionality as multi-level analysis: Dealing with social inequality. European Journal of Womens Studies, 18(1), 51–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506810386084.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winterton, R., & Warburton, J. (2011). Models of care for socially isolated older rural carers: Barriers and implications. Rural and Remote Health, 11(3), 1678.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright-Berryman, J. L., & Kim, H. W. (2016). Physical health decision-making autonomy preferences for adults with severe mental illness in integrated care. Journal of Social Service Research, 42(3), 281–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2015.1093580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities under award number R01MD010354. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Delaware, 25 N. College Avenue, Newark, DE, 19716, USA

    Emily J. Hauenstein & Rachael S. Clark

  2. School of Nursing, Duke University, 3027A Pearson Building, Durham, NC, 27710, USA

    Elizabeth I. Merwin

Authors
  1. Emily J. Hauenstein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rachael S. Clark
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Elizabeth I. Merwin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Emily J. Hauenstein.

Ethics declarations

Research Involving Human Participants and/or Animals

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hauenstein, E.J., Clark, R.S. & Merwin, E.I. Modeling Health Disparities and Outcomes in Disenfranchised Populations. Community Ment Health J 55, 9–23 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-018-0326-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-018-0326-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation