Abstract
Pineapple peel is a renewable agricultural residue available in abundance whose multipurpose utilization deserves more attention. The present study aimed at the isolation of nanocellulose from pineapple peel and evaluation on its reinforcement capability for gellan gum film. The results from scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated the progressive removal of non-cellulosic components and the non-destruction of cellulose structure following bleaching and alkali treatments. Atomic force microscopy image of the nanocellulose displayed a needle-like structure with averages of 15 ± 5 nm in diameter and 189 ± 23 nm in length. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the obtained fibres after bleaching and alkali treatments showed higher thermal stability than the untreated pineapple peel. Although showing an earlier initial degradation temperature, the obtained nanocellulose remained the maximum residue after being heated to 500 °C. The rheological results indicated that the viscosities of the nanocellulose/gellan gum solutions increased slightly with the increase of nanocellulose content. The prepared films were characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD, TGA, light transmittance and mechanical properties. The introduction of nanocellulose decreased light transmittance values but enhanced the thermal stability of gellan gum film. Compared with the neat gellan gum film, the 4% nanocellulose loaded gellan gum film showed 48.21% improvement in tensile strength.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdul Khalil HPS, Davoudpour Y, Islam MN, Mustapha A, Sudesh K, Dungani R, Jawaid M (2014) Production and modification of nanofibrillated cellulose using various mechanical processes: a review. Carbohyd Polym 99:649–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.069
Bhatnagar A, Sillanp M (2010) Utilization of agro-industrial and municipal waste materials as potential adsorbents for water treatment-A review. Chem Eng J 157:277–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.01.007
Brinchi L, Cotana F, Fortunati E, Kenny JM (2013) Production of nanocrystalline cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: technology and applications. Carbohyd Polym 94:154–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.033
Chaichi M, Hashemi M, Badii F, Mohammadi A (2017) Preparation and characterization of a novel bionanocomposite edible film based on pectin and crystalline nanocellulose. Carbohyd Polym 157:167–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.062
Chang S, Kuo S, Wu C, Lee M, Niu CG, Liu W (2010) Gellan gum films for effective guided bone regeneration. J Med Biol Eng 30:99–103
Chen YW, Lee HV, Juan JC, Phang S (2016) Production of new cellulose nanomaterial from red algae marine biomass Gelidium elegans. Carbohyd Polym 151:1210–1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.083
Chirayil CJ, Mathew L, Hassan PA, Mozetic M, Thomas S (2014) Rheological behaviour of nanocellulose reinforced unsaturated polyester nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 69:274–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.055
Choonut A, Saejong M, Sangkharak K (2014) The production of ethanol and hydrogen from pineapple peel by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Enterobacter aerogenes. Energy Procedia 52:242–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.07.075
Criado P, Fraschini C, Salmieri S, Becher D, Safrany A, Lacroix M (2015) Evaluation of antioxidant cellulose nanocrystals and applications in gellan gum films. Ind Biotech 11:59–68. https://doi.org/10.1089/ind.2014.0017
Dai H, Huang H (2016) Modified pineapple peel cellulose hydrogels embedded with sepia ink for effective removal of methylene blue. Carbohyd Polym 148:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.040
Dai H, Huang H (2017a) Synthesis, characterization and properties of pineapple peel cellulose-g-acrylic acid hydrogel loaded with kaolin and sepia ink. Cellulose 24:69–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-1101-0
Dai H, Huang H (2017b) Enhanced swelling and responsive properties of pineapple peel carboxymethyl cellulose-g-poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) superabsorbent hydrogel by the introduction of carclazyte. J Agr Food Chem 65:565–574. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04899
Dai H, Ou S, Liu Z, Huang H (2017) Pineapple peel carboxymethyl cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol/mesoporous silica SBA-15 hydrogel composites for papain immobilization. Carbohyd Polym 169:504–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.057
Dai H, Ou S, Huang Y, Liu Z, Huang H (2018a) Enhanced swelling and multiple-responsive properties of gelatin/sodium alginate hydrogels by the addition of carboxymethyl cellulose isolated from pineapple peel. Cellulose 25:293–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1557-6
Dai H, Huang Y, Huang H (2018b) Eco-friendly polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels reinforced with graphene oxide and bentonite for enhanced adsorption of methylene blue. Carbohyd Polym 185:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.073
Ditzel FI, Prestes E, Carvalho BM, Demiate IM, Pinheiro LA (2017) Nanocrystalline cellulose extracted from pine wood and corncob. Carbohyd Polym 157:1577–1585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.036
Dufresne A (2013) Nanocellulose: a new ageless bionanomaterial. Mater Today 16:220–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2013.06.004
Feng X, Meng X, Zhao J, Miao M, Shi L, Zhang S, Fang J (2015) Extraction and preparation of cellulose nanocrystals from dealginate kelp residue: structures and morphological characterization. Cellulose 22:1763–1772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0617-z
Flauzino Neto WP, Silvério HA, Dantas NO, Pasquini D (2013) Extraction and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from agro-industrial residue-Soy hulls. Ind Crop Prod 42:480–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.06.041
Foo KY, Hameed BH (2012) Porous structure and adsorptive properties of pineapple peel based activated carbons prepared via microwave assisted KOH and K2CO3 activation. Micropor Mesopor Mat 148:191–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2011.08.005
French AD (2014) Idealized powder diffraction patterns for cellulose polymorphs. Cellulose 21:885–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0030-4
Haafiz MKM, Hassan A, Zakaria Z, Inuwa IM, Islam MS, Jawaid M (2013) Properties of polylactic acid composites reinforced with oil palm biomass microcrystalline cellulose. Carbohyd Polym 98:139–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.069
Haafiz MKM, Hassan A, Zakaria Z, Inuwa IM (2014) Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanowhiskers from oil palm biomass microcrystalline cellulose. Carbohyd Polym 103:119–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.11.055
Hu K, Hu X, Zeng L, Zhao M, Huang H (2010) Hydrogels prepared from pineapple peel cellulose using ionic liquid and their characterization and primary sodium salicylate release study. Carbohyd Polym 82:62–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.023
Hu L, Zheng G, Yao J, Liu N, Weil B, Eskilsson M, Karabulut E, Ruan Z, Fan S, Bloking JT, McGehee MD (2013a) Transparent and conductive paper from nanocellulose fibers. Energy Environ Sci 6:513–518. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2EE23635D
Hu X, Wang J, Huang H (2013b) Impacts of some macromolecules on the characteristics of hydrogels prepared from pineapple peel cellulose using ionic liquid. Cellulose 20:2923–2933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0075-4
Ismail NA, Mohamad SF, Ibrahim MA, Amin KAM (2014) Evaluation of gellan gum film containing virgin coconut oil for transparent dressing materials. Adv Biomater 2014:1–12
Johar N, Ahmad I, Dufresne A (2012) Extraction, preparation and characterization of cellulose fibres and nanocrystals from rice husk. Ind Crop Prod 37:93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.12.016
Karim AA, Bhat R (2008) Gelatin alternatives for the food industry: recent developments, challenges and prospects. Trends Food Sci Technol 19:644–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2008.08.001
Kaur N, Sharma S, Kaur S, Khosla E (2016) Reverse micellar extraction of acid dyes from simulated textile effluent. J Chem Biol Phys Sci (JCPBS) 6:180–197
Khawas P, Deka SC (2016) Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from culinary banana peel using high-intensity ultrasonication combined with chemical treatment. Carbohyd Polym 137:608–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.11.020
Krishni RR, Hameed KYFB (2014) Food cannery effluent, pineapple peel as an effective low-cost biosorbent for removing cationic dye from aqueous solutions. Desalin Water Treatm 52:6096–6103. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.815686
Kulkarni RV, Mangond BS, Mutalik S, Sa B (2011) Interpenetrating polymer network microcapsules of gellan gum and egg albumin entrapped with diltiazem–resin complex for controlled release application. Carbohyd Polym 83:1001–1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.09.017
Lagerwall JPF, Schütz C, Salajkova M, Noh J, Hyun Park J, Scalia G, Bergstr ML (2014) Cellulose nanocrystal-based materials: from liquid crystal self-assembly and glass formation to multifunctional thin films. NPG Asia Mater 6:e80. https://doi.org/10.1038/am.2013.69
Lee M, Tsai H, Wen S, Huang C (2012) Photocrosslinkable gellan gum film as an anti-adhesion barrier. Carbohyd Polym 90:1132–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.06.064
Li M, Wang L, Li D, Cheng Y, Adhikari B (2014) Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from de-pectinated sugar beet pulp. Carbohyd Polym 102:136–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.11.021
Ma H, Zhou B, Li Y, Li H, Ou S (2011) Green composite films composed of nanocrystalline cellulose and a cellulose matrix regenerated from functionalized ionic liquid solution. Carbohyd Polym 84:383–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.11.050
Mandal A, Chakrabarty D (2011) Isolation of nanocellulose from waste sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and its characterization. Carbohyd Polym 86:1291–1299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.030
Morais JOPS, Rosa MDF, de Souza FM, Nascimento LD, Do Nascimento DME, Cassales AR (2013) Extraction and characterization of nanocellulose structures from raw cotton linter. Carbohyd Polym 91:229–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.010
Nam S, French AD, Condon BD, Concha M (2016) Segal crystallinity index revisited by the simulation of X-ray diffraction patterns of cotton cellulose Iβ and cellulose II. Carbohyd Polym 135:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.035
Nepomuceno NC, Santos ASF, Oliveira JE, Glenn GM, Medeiros ES (2017) Extraction and characterization of cellulose nanowhiskers from Mandacaru (Cereus jamacaru DC.) spines. Cellulose 24:119–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-1109-5
Reddy JP, Rhim J (2014) Characterization of bionanocomposite films prepared with agar and paper-mulberry pulp nanocellulose. Carbohyd Polym 110:480–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.056
Roman M, Winter WT (2004) Effect of sulfate groups from sulfuric acid hydrolysis on the thermal degradation behavior of bacterial cellulose. Biomacromolecules 5:1671–1677. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm034519+
Saelo S, Assatarakul K, Sane A, Suppakul P (2016) Fabrication of novel bioactive cellulose-based films derived from caffeic acid phenethyl ester-loaded nanoparticles via a rapid expansion process: RESOLV. J Agric Food Chem 64:6694–6707. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02197
Santos RMD, Flauzino Neto WP, Silvério HA, Martins DF, Dantas NO, Pasquini D (2013) Cellulose nanocrystals from pineapple leaf, a new approach for the reuse of this agro-waste. Ind Crop Prod 50:707–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.08.049
Savadekar NR, Mhaske ST (2012) Synthesis of nano cellulose fibers and effect on thermoplastics starch based films. Carbohyd Polym 89:146–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.063
Savadekar NR, Karande VS, Vigneshwaran N, Bharimalla AK, Mhaske ST (2012) Preparation of nano cellulose fibers and its application in kappa-carrageenan based film. Int J Biol Macromol 51:1008–1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.08.014
Shankar S, Rhim J (2016) Preparation of nanocellulose from micro-crystalline cellulose: the effect on the performance and properties of agar-based composite films. Carbohyd Polym 135:18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.082
Sharmin N, Khan RA, Salmieri S, Dussault D, Bouchard J, Lacroix M (2012) Modification and characterization of biodegradable methylcellulose films with trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) by γ radiation: effect of nanocrystalline cellulose. J Agric Food Chem 60:623–629. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf203500s
Teixeira EDM, Bondancia TJ, Teodoro KBR, Corrêa AC, Marconcini JM, Mattoso LHC (2011) Sugarcane bagasse whiskers: extraction and characterizations. Ind Crop Prod 33:63–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.08.009
Trache D, Hussin MH, Haafiz MKM, Thakur VK (2017) Recent progress in cellulose nanocrystals: sources and production. Nanoscale 9:1763–1786. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NR09494E
Wu G, Liu G, Chen J, Kong Z (2017) Preparation and properties of thermoset composite films from two-component waterborne polyurethane with low loading level nanofibrillated cellulose. Prog Org Coat 106:170–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2016.10.031
Xu X, Li B, Kennedy JF, Xie BJ, Huang M (2007) Characterization of konjac glucomannan–gellan gum blend films and their suitability for release of nisin incorporated therein. Carbohyd Polym 70:192–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.03.017
Yang F, Xia S, Tan C, Zhang X (2013) Preparation and evaluation of chitosan–calcium–gellan gum beads for controlled release of protein. Eur Food Res Technol 237:467–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-013-2021-y
Zhang YD, Xia XZ (2012) Physicochemical Characteristics of pineapple (Ananas mill.) peel cellulose prepared by different methods. Adv Mater Res 554:1038–1041. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.554-556.1038
Zhang H, Yang M, Luan Q, Tang H, Huang F, Xiang X, Yang C, Bao Y (2017a) Cellulose anionic hydrogels based on cellulose nanofibers as natural stimulants for seed germination and seedling growth. J Agr Food Chem 65:3785–3791. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05815
Zhang N, Xu J, Gao X, Fu X, Zheng D (2017b) Factors affecting water resistance of alginate/gellan blend films on paper cups for hot drinks. Carbohyd Polym 156:435–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.101
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 31471673 and 31271978.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dai, H., Ou, S., Huang, Y. et al. Utilization of pineapple peel for production of nanocellulose and film application. Cellulose 25, 1743–1756 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1671-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1671-0