Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Area-Averaged Surface Fluxes Over the Litfass Region Based on Eddy-Covariance Measurements

  • Published:
Boundary-Layer Meteorology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Micrometeorological measurements (including eddy-covariance measurements of the surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat) were performed during the LITFASS-2003 experiment at 13 field sites over different types of land use (forest, lake, grassland, various agricultural crops) in a 20 × 20 km2 area around the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg (MOL) of the German Meteorological Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD). Significant differences in the energy fluxes could be found between the major land surface types (forest, farmland, water), but also between the different agricultural crops (cereals, rape, maize). Flux ratios between the different surfaces changed during the course of the experiment as a result of increased water temperature of the lake, changing soil moisture, and of the vegetation development at the farmland sites. The measurements over grass performed at the boundary-layer field site Falkenberg of the MOL were shown to be quite representative for the farmland part of the area. Measurements from the 13 sites were composed into a time series of the area-averaged surface flux by taking into account the data quality of the single flux values from the different sites and the relative occurrence of each surface type in the area. Such composite fluxes could be determined for about 80% of the whole measurement time during the LITFASS-2003 experiment. Comparison of these aggregated surface fluxes with area-averaged fluxes from long-range scintillometer measurements and from airborne measurements showed good agreement.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • André J.-C., and 30 co-authors: (1988), ‘Evaporation Over Land-surfaces: First Results from HAPEX-MOBILHY Special Observing Period’, Ann. Geophys. 6, 477–492

    Google Scholar 

  • André J.-C., Bougeault P., Goutorbe J.-P. (1990), ‘Regional Estimates of Heat and Evaporation Fluxes over Non-Homogeneous Terrain’. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 50, 77–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arya S.P. (2001), Introduction to Micrometeorology (2nd Ed). Academic Press, San Diego London, pp. 420

    Google Scholar 

  • Avissar R. (1991), ‘A Statistical-Dynamical Approach to Parameterise Subgrid-Scale Land-Surface Heterogeneity in Climate Models’. Sur. Geophys. 12, 155–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Bange J., Roth R. (1999), ‘Helicopter-Borne Flux Measurements in the Nocturnal Boundary Layer Over Land – A Case Study’. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 92, 295–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bange J., Beyrich F., Engelbart D.A.M. (2002), ‘Airborne Measurements of Turbulent Fluxes During LITFASS-98: A Case Study about Method and Significance’. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 73, 35–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bange J., Zittel P., Spieß, T., Uhlenbrock J., and Beyrich F.: (2006)a, ‘A New Method for the Determination of Area-Averaged Turbulent Surface Fluxes from Low-Level Flights Using Inverse Models’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 119, DOI: 10.(1007)/s10546-005-9040-6

  • Bange J., Herold M., Spieß, T., Beyrich F., and Hennemuth B.: 2006b, ‘Turbulent Fluxes from Helipod Flights above the Heterogeneous LITFASS Area’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. this issue.

  • Barr A.G., Betts A.K., Desjardins R.L., MacPherson J.I. (1997), ‘Comparison of Regional Surface Fluxes from Boundary-Layer Budgets and Aircraft Measurements above Boreal Forest’. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 29, 213–29, 218

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger F. (2001), ‘Bestimmung des Energiehaushaltes am Erdboden mit Hilfe von Satellitendaten’. Tharandter Klimaprotokolle 5, 206

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyrich F. and Mengelkamp H.-Th.: (2006) ‘Evaporation over a Heterogeneous Land Surface: EVA_GRIPS and the LITFASS-2003 Experiment – An Overview’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol this issue.

  • Beyrich F., Richter S.H., Weisensee U., Kohsiek W., Lohse H., De Bruin H.A. R., Foken, Th., Göckede M., Berger F., Vogt R., and Batchvarova E.: (2002), ‘Experimental Determination of Turbulent Fluxes Over the Heterogeneous LITFASS Area: Selected Results from the LITFASS-98 Experiment’, Theor. Appl. Climatol. 73, 19–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen F., Yates D.N., Nagai H., LeMone M.A., Ikeda K. (2003), ‘Land Surface in the Cooperative Atmosphere Surface Exchange Study (CASES-97) Part I: Comparing Modelled Surface Flux Maps with Surface-Flux Tower and Aircraft Measurements’. J. Hydrometeorol. 4, 196–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cleugh H.A., Raupach M.R., Briggs P.R., Coppin P.A. (2004), ‘Regional-Scale Heat and Water Vapour Fluxes in an Agricultural Landscape: An Evaluation of CBL Budget Methods at OASIS’. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 110, 99–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Bruin H.A.R., van den Hurk B.J.J.M., Kohsiek W. (1995), ‘The Scintillation Method Tested Over a Dry Vineyard Area’. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 76, 25–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desjardins R.L., McPherson J.I., Mahrt L., Schuepp P.H., Pattey E., Neumann H., Baldocchi D., Wofsy S., Fitzjarrald D.R., McCaughey H., Joiner D.W. (1997) ‘Scaling up Flux Measurements for the Boreal Forest Using Aircraft – Tower Combinations’. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 29125–29133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doran J.C., and 24 co-authors: 1992, ‘The Boardman Regional Flux Experiment’, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 73, 1785–1795

  • Engelbart D.A.M., Bange J. (2002), ‘Determination of Boundary-Layer Parameters Using Wind Profiler/RASS and Sodar/RASS in the Frame of the LITFASS Project’. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 73, 53–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foken Th., Göckede M., Mauder M., Mahrt L., Amiro B.D., Munger J.W. (2004), ‘Post-field Data Quality Control’. In: Lee X., MassmannW.J., Law B.E. (eds), Handbook of Micrometeorology. A Guide for Surface Flux Measurements. Kluwer Acad Publ., Dordrecht, pp. 181–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Frech M., Jochum A. (1999), ‘The Evaluation of Flux Aggregation Methods Using Measurements in the Surface Layer’. Agric. For. Meteorol. 98–99: 121–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gioli B., Miglietta F., De Martino B., Hutjes R.W.A., Dolman H.A.J., Lindroth A., Schumacher M., José Sanz M., Manca G., Peressotti A., Dumas E.J. (2004), ‘Comparison Between Tower and Aircraft-based Eddy Covariance Fluxes in Five Regions’. Agric. For. Meteorol. 127, 1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giorgi F., Avissar R. (1997), ‘Representation of Heterogeneity Effects in Earth System Modelling: Experience from Land Surface Modelling’. Rev. Geophys. 35, 413–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottschalk L., Batchvarova E., Gryning S.-E., Lindroth A., Melas D., Motovilov Y., Frech M., Heikinheimo M., Samuelsson P., Grelle A., Persson T. (1999), ‘Scale Aggregation Comparison of Flux Estimates from NOPEX’. Agric. For. Meteorol. 98–99, 103–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green A.E., Astill M.S., McAneney K.J., Nieveen J.P. (2001), ‘Path-Averaged Surface Fluxes Determined from Infrared and Microwave Scintillometers’. Agric. For. Meteorol. 109, 233–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gryning S.-E., Batchvarova E. (1999), ‘Regional Heat Flux Over the NOPEX Area Estimated from the Evolution of the Mixed-Layer’. Agric. For. Meteorol. 98–99: 159–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halldin S., Gryning S.E., Gottschalk L., Jochum A., Lundin L.-C., van de Griend A.A. (1999), ‘Energy, Water and Carbon Exchange in a Boreal Forest Landscape – NOPEX Experiences’. Agric. For. Meteorol. 98–99: 5–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heinemann G., Kerschgens M. (2005), ‘Comparison of Methods for Area-Averaging Surface Energy Fluxes Over Heterogeneous Land Surfaces Using High-Resolution Non-Hydrostatic Simulations’. Int. J. Climatol. 25, 379–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hennemuth B., Bange J., Beyrich F., Bösenberg J., Leps J.-P., Linné, H., and Zittel P.: (2006), ‘Measurements of Water Vapour Transport in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Over Heterogeneous Terrain’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. this issue.

  • Kaimal J.C., Finnigan J.J. (1994), Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows – Their Structure and Measurement. Oxford University Press, New York, 289 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kite G., Droogers P. (2000), ‘Comparing Evapotranspiration Estimates from Satellite, Hydrological Models, and Field Data’. J. Hydrol. 229, 3–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeMone M.A., Grossmann R.L., Coulter R.L., Wesely M.L., Klazura G.E., Poulos G.S., Blumen W., Lundquist J.K., Cuenca R.H., Kelly S.F., Brandes E.A., Oncley S.P., McMillan R.T., Hicks B.B. (2000), ‘Land – Atmosphere Interaction Research, Early Results and Opportunities in the Walnut River Watershed in Southeast Kansas: CASES and ABLE’. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 81, 757–779

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahrt L. (1996), ‘The Bulk Aerodynamic Formulation Over Heterogeneous Surfaces’. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 78, 87–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahrt L., Ek M. (1993), ‘Spatial Variability of Turbulent Fluxes and Roughness Lengths in HAPEX-MOBILHY’. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 65, 381–400

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahrt L., Vickers D., Sun J., McCaughey J.H. (2001), ‘Calculation of Area-Averaged Fluxes: Application to BOREAS’. J. Appl. Meteorol. 40, 915–920

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mauder M., Liebethal C., Göckede M., Leps J.-P., Beyrich F., and Foken T.: (2006), ‘Processing and Quality Control of Flux Data During LITFASS-2003’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. this issue.

  • Meijninger W.M.L., Hartogensis O.K., Kohsiek W., Hoedjes J.C.B., Zuurbier R.M., De Bruin H.A.R. (2002a), ‘Determination of Area-Averaged Sensible Heat Flux with a Large-Aperture Scintillometer Over a Heterogeneous Surface – Flevoland Field Experiment’. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 105, 37–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meijninger W.M.L., Green A.E., Hartogensis O.K., Kohsiek W., Hoedjes J.C.B., Zuurbier R.M., De Bruin H.A.R. (2002b), ‘Determination of Area-Averaged Water Vapour Fluxes with Large-Aperture and Radio-Wave Scintillometers over a Heterogeneous Surface – Flevoland Field Experiment’. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 105, 63–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meijninger W.M. L., Beyrich F., Lüdi A., Kohsiek W., and De Bruin H.A. R.: (2006), ‘Scintillometer-Based Turbulent Fluxes of Sensible and Latent Heat Over a Heterogeneous Land Surface – A Contribution to LITFASS-2003’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. this issue.

  • Mironov D., Terzhevik A., Beyrich F., Heise E., and Lohse H.: (2003), ‘A Two-Layer Lake Model for Use in Numerical Weather Prediction’, Proceedings Baltic HIRLAM Workshop, 17–20 November 2003, St. Petersburg, Russia, pp. 83–85. (see also: http://nwpi.krc. karelia.ru/flake/index.htm)

  • Mölders N. (2001), ‘On the Uncertainty in Mesoscale Modelling Caused by Surface’. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 76, 119–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sellers P.J. and 20 co-authors: (1997), ‘BOREAS in 1997: Experiment Overview, Scientific Results, and Future Directions’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 28731–28769

  • Soegaard H. (1999), ‘Fluxes of Carbon dioxide, Water Vapour and Sensible Heat in a Boreal Agricultural Area of Sweden – Scaled from Canopy to Landscape Level’. Agric. For. Meteorol. 98–99: 463–478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsvang L.R., Fedorov M.M., Kader B.A., Zubkovskii S.L., Foken T., Richter S.H., Zelený J. (1991), ‘Turbulent Exchange Over a Surface with Chessboard-Type Inhomogeneities’. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 55, 141–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Hurk B.J.J.M. (2001), ‘Energy Balance Based Surface Flux Estimation from Data, and Its Application for Surface Moisture Assimilation’. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 76, 43–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. German Meteorological Service (DWD), Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg, Am Observatorium 12, D-15848, Tauche-OT Lindenberg, Germany

    Frank Beyrich, Jens-Peter Leps & Ulrich Weisensee

  2. Department on Micrometeorology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

    Matthias Mauder & Thomas Foken

  3. Institute for Aerospace Systems, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany

    Jens Bange & Peter Zittel

  4. Institute for Coastal Research, GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany

    Sven Huneke & Horst Lohse

  5. Institute for Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Andreas Lüdi

  6. Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Wouter M. L. Meijninger

  7. German Meteorological Service (DWD), Offenbach, Germany

    Dmitrii Mironov

Authors
  1. Frank Beyrich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jens-Peter Leps
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Matthias Mauder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jens Bange
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Thomas Foken
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sven Huneke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Horst Lohse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Andreas Lüdi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Wouter M. L. Meijninger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Dmitrii Mironov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Ulrich Weisensee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Peter Zittel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Frank Beyrich.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Beyrich, F., Leps, JP., Mauder, M. et al. Area-Averaged Surface Fluxes Over the Litfass Region Based on Eddy-Covariance Measurements. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 121, 33–65 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-006-9052-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-006-9052-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation