Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Micropropagation of Cassia occidentalis L. and the effect of irradiance on photosynthetic pigments and antioxidative enzymes

  • Original Papers
  • Published:
Biologia Plantarum

Abstract

The objective of the current study was to develop an efficient and reproducible protocol for plant regeneration using nodal (1.0–1.5 cm) explants excised from a field grown mature plant of Cassia occidentalis L. The highest shoot regeneration frequency (80 %) with a maximum number of shoots (11.66) and shoot length (3.83 cm) after eight weeks of culture were observed on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium amended with 5.0 μM 6-benzyladenine, 100 μM citric acid, and 1.0 μM α-naphthalene acetic acid. A half-strength MS medium supplemented with 1.5 μM indole-3-butyric acid proved best for the induction of maximum roots (8.33) per shoot. Plantlets with well-developed shoots and roots were successfully acclimatized in plastic pots containing sterile Soilrite under two irradiances of 50 and 300 μmol m−2 s−1 (LI and HI, respectively) in a culture room, and after transfer to the field, the survival rate was 70 %. A significant increase in chlorophyll, carotenoid, and malondialdehyde content was found during acclimatization under both the irradiances but higher under HI. Similarly, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and ascorbate peroxidase increased more under HI. Plantlets acclimatized under HI exhibited a better growth than those under LI.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

APX:

ascorbate peroxidase

BA:

6-benzyladenine

CA:

citric acid

Car:

carotenoids

CAT:

catalase

Chl:

chlorophyll

GR:

glutathione reductase

HI:

high irradiance

IBA:

indole-3-butyric acid

2-iP:

2-isopentenyl adenine

Kn:

kinetin

LI:

low irradiance

MDA:

malondialdehyde

MS:

Murashige and Skoog

NAA:

α-naphthalene acetic acid

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

SOD:

superoxide dismutase

TBA:

thiobarbituric acid

TCA:

trichloracetic acid

References

  • Aebi, H.: Catalase in vitro. — Methods. Enzymol. 105: 121–126, 1984.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, V., Sardar, P.R.: In vitro organogenesis and histomorphological investigations in senna (Cassia angustifolia) — a medicinally valuable shrub. — Physiol. mol. Biol. Plants 9: 131–140, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, V., Sardar, P.R.: In vitro propagation of Cassia angustifolia through leaflet and cotyledon derived calli. — Biol. Plant. 50: 118–122, 2006.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alscher, R.G.: Biosynthesis and antioxidant function of glutathione in plants. — Physiol. Plant. 77: 457–464, 1989.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al Malki, A.A.H.S, Elmeer, K.M.S.: Influence of auxin and cytokinin on in vitro multiplication of Ficus anastasia. — Afr. J. Biotechnol. 9: 635–639, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J.M., Aro, E.M.: Grana stacking and protection of photosystem II in thylakoid membranes of higher plant leaves under sustained high irradiance: an hypothesis. — Photosyn. Res. 41: 315–326, 1994.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J.M., Park, Y.I., Chow, W.S.: Photoinactivation and photoprotection of photosystem II in nature. — Physiol. Plant. 100: 214–223, 1997.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anis, M., Siddique, I., Naz, R., Ahmed, M.R., Aref, I.M.: Advances in micropropagation of a highly important Cassia species — a review. — In: Bandani, A.R. (ed.): New Perspective in Plant Protection. Pp. 191–206. In Tech, Rijeka 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aragón, C.E. Sánchez, C. Gonzalez-Olmedo, J. Escalona, M. Carvalho, S. Amâncio, L.: Comparison of plantain plantlets propagated in temporary immersion bioreactors and gelled medium during in vitro growth and acclimatization. — Biol. Plant. 58: 29–38, 2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, E.E.: Do free radicals have a role in plant tissue culture recalcitrance? — In vitro cell. dev. Biol. Plant. 36: 163–170, 2000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt, I.D., Dhar, U.: Factors controlling micropropagation of Myrica esculenta Buch-Ham. Ex D. Don: a high value wild edible of Kumaun Himalaya. — Afr. J. Biotechnol. 3: 534–540, 2004.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradford, M.M.: A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principles of protein-dye binding. — Ann. Biochem. 72: 248–254, 1976.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhindsa, R.S., Plumb-Dhindsa, P., Thorpe, T.A.: Leaf senescence: correlated with increased levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. — J. exp. Bot. 32: 93–101, 1981.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faisal, M., Anis, M.: Regeneration of plants from alginate encapsulated shoots of Tylophora indica (Burm.f.) Merrill, an endangered medicinal plant. — J. hort. Sci. Biotechnol. 82: 351–354, 2007.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faisal, M., Anis, M.: Changes in photosynthetic activity, pigment composition, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzymes during ex vitro establishment of micropropagated Rauvolfia tetraphylla plantlets. — Plant Cell. Tissue Organ Cult. 99: 125–132, 2009.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faisal, M., Anis, M.: Effect of light irradiations on photosynthetic machinery and antioxidative enzymes during ex vitro acclimatization of Tylophora indica plantlets. — J. Plant Inter. 5: 21–27, 2010.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fatima, N., Ahmad, N., Anis, M.: Enhanced in vitro regeneration and change in photosynthetic pigments, biomass and proline content in Withania somnifera L. (Dunal) induced by copper and zinc ions. — Plant Physiol. Biochem. 49: 1465–1471, 2011.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foyer, C.H., Halliwell, B.: The presence of glutathione reductase in chloroplast: a proposed role in ascorbic acid metabolism. — Planta 133: 21–25, 1976.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foyer, C.H., Lopez-Delgado, H., Dat, J.F., Scott, I.M.: Hydrogen peroxide and glutathione-associated mechanisms of acclamatory stress tolerance and signaling. — Physiol. Plant. 100: 241–254, 1997.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gill, S.S., Tuteja, N.: Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in biotic stress tolerance in crop plants. — Plant Physiol. Biochem. 48: 909–930, 2010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heath, R.L., Packer, L.: Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. — Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 125: 189–198, 1968.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krithikar, K.R., Basu, B.D.: Cassia occidentalis. — In: Blatter, E., Caius, J.F., Mhaskar, K. (ed.): Indian Medicinal Plants II. Pp. 860. Book Sellers and Publishers, Dehradun 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan, B.A., Demming-Adams, B., Adams, W.W., Grace, S.C.: Antioxidants and xantophyll cycle-dependent energy disipation in Cucurbita pepo L. and Vinca major L. acclimated to four growth PPFDs in the field. — J. exp. Bot. 49: 1869–1879, 1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackinney, G.: Absorption of light by chlorophyll solution. — J. biol. Chem. 140: 315–322, 1941.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monteiro, M. S., Santos, C., Soares, A. M. V. M., Mann, R. M.: Assessment of biomarkers of cadmium stress in lettuce. — Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 72: 811–818, 2009.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muthan, B.S., Rathore, T.S., Ravishankar Rai, V.: Micropropagation of an endangered Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.). — J. Forest. Res. 11: 203–209, 2006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nayanakantha, N.M.C., Singh, B.R., Kumar, A.: Improved culture medium for micropropagation of Aloe vera L. — Trop. agr. Res. Extension 13: 87–93, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakano, Y., Asada, K.: Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. — Plant Cell Physiol. 22: 867–880, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naz, R., Anis, M., Aref, I.M.: High frequency shoot regeneration through cotyledonary node explants of Bauhinia tomentosa L., a woody leguminous tree. — J. hort. Sci. Biotechnol. 86: 37–42, 2011.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ort, D.R., Baker, N.R.: A photoprotective role for O2 as an alternative electron sink in photosynthesis? — Curr. Opin. Plant. Biol. 5: 193–198, 2002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pospíšilová, J., Synková, H., Haisel, D., Čatský, J., Wilhelmová, N., Šrámek, F.: Effect of elevated CO2 concentrations on acclimation of tobacco plantlets to ex vitro conditions. — J. exp. Bot. 50: 119–126, 1999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ran, Y., Simpson, S.: In vitro propagation of the genus Clivia. — Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 81: 239–242, 2005.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, M.V.: Cellular detoxifying mechanism determines age dependent injury in tropical plants exposed to SO2. — J. Plant Physiol. 40: 733–740, 1992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sachs, T., Thimann, K.V.: The role of auxin and cytokinins in the release of buds from dominance. — Amer. J. Bot. 54: 136–144, 1967.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, S.S., Mori, H.: Control of outgrowth and dormancy in axillary buds. — Plant Physiol. 127: 1405–1413, 2001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scandalios. G.: Response of plant antioxidant defense genes to environmental stress. — Adv. Genet. 28: 1–41, 1990.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Huylenbroeck, J.M., Piqueras, A., Debergh, P.C.: The evolution of photosynthesis capacity and the antioxidant enzymatic system during acclimatization of micropropagated Calathea plants. — Plant Sci. 155: 59–66, 2000.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varshney, A., Anis, M.: Improvement of shoot morphogenesis in vitro and assessment of changes of the activity of antioxidant enzymes during acclimation of micropropagated plants of Desert Teak. — Acta Physiol. Plant. 34: 859–867, 2012.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Von Willert, D.J., Matyssek, R., Herppich, W.: Experimentelle Pflanzenokologie. Grundlagem and Anwendungen. Experimental Plant Ecology. Basics and Applications — Georg Thieme, Stuttgard — New York 1995. In German

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, A.J.: The protective role of carotenoids in higher plants. — Physiol. Plant. 83: 702–708, 1991.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, F.Q., Wang, Y. S., Lou, Z. P., Dong, J. D.: Effect of heavy metal stress on antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots of two mangrove plant seedlings (Kandelia candel and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza). — Chemosphere 67: 44–50, 2007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, F., Guo, S., Zhang, H., Zhao, Y.: Expression of yeast SOD2 in transgenic rice results in increased salt tolerance. — Plant Sci. 170: 216–224, 2006.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India

    R. Naz & M. Anis

  2. Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    M. Anis & H. A. El Atta

Authors
  1. R. Naz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Anis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. H. A. El Atta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Anis.

Additional information

Acknowledgments: We gratefully acknowledge the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and the University Grants Commission (UGC), Government of India, New Delhi, for providing research support under the DST-FIST (2011–2016) and UGC-DRS I (2009–2014) Programmes, respectively. M.A. is thankful to King Saud University, Riyadh, for offering a visiting professorship during 2012–13. R.N. is grateful to the University Grant Commission, New Delhi, for an award of the UGC-BSR fellowship.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Naz, R., Anis, M. & El Atta, H.A. Micropropagation of Cassia occidentalis L. and the effect of irradiance on photosynthetic pigments and antioxidative enzymes. Biol Plant 59, 1–10 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-014-0482-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-014-0482-x

Additional key words

Search

Navigation