Abstract
To better understand the mechanisms involved in aluminum toxicity and tolerance in plants, microarray technology was used to evaluate changes in gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana under Al stress. With the use of Affymetrix Arabidopsis ATH1 Genechip, a comparison of RNA expression profiles was made between control and Al-treated Arabidopsis seedlings. A total of 256 genes were identified as Al-responsive. Ninety-four genes were shown to be up-regulated and 162 were down-regulated; comprising 1.1 % of the 24 000 Arabidopsis genes. Real-time RT-PCR was used to confirm the microarray data. The analysis showed that a large number of transcription factors and several putative signaling components were up-regulated by aluminum. Chloroplast structural and photosynthetic genes were, in general, down-regulated. A number of previously identified Al-responsive genes, e.g. GST, Auxin-regulated, Peroxidase, and Chitinase, were up-regulated by Al-stress, whereas Wali 3 and Wali 4 were down-regulated. We also identified several up-regulated genes involved in vacuolar signaling, sorting and docking. Three genes were also up-regulated by Al-stress, Ras GTP-binding protein, ABC-cassette binding, and the AtELP1 receptor genes, have previously been documented as responsive to drought and/or oxidative stress and may play important roles the detoxification of Al ions by transportation and storage into root vacuoles. Ultrastructural changes in the roots tips cells of Arabidopsis were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis with scanning electron microscopy and results showed Al accumulation in the root tips of Arabidopsis.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- CW:
-
cell wall
- EDXMA:
-
energy-dispersive X-ray analysis
- EM:
-
electron microscopy
- IS:
-
interstitial space
- MS:
-
Murashige and Skoog
- PCR:
-
polymerize chain reaction
- PD:
-
plasmodesmata
- SEM:
-
scanning electron microscopy
- TEM:
-
transmission electron microscopy
- V:
-
vacuole
References
Bowles, D.: A multigene family of glycosyltransferases in a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana.-Biochem. Soc. Trans. 30: 301–306, 2002.
Bray, E.A.: Genes commonly regulated by water-deficit stress in Arabidopsis thaliana.-J. exp. Bot 55: 2331–2341, 2004.
Brinker, M., Van Zyl, L., Liu, W., Craig, D., Sederoff, R., Clapham, D.H., Von Arnold, S.: Microarray analysis of gene expression during adventitious root development in Pinus contorta.-Plant Physiol. 135: 1526–1539, 2004.
Chaumont, F., Barrieu, F., Herman, E.M., Chrispeels, M.J.: Characterization of a maize tonoplast aquaporins expressed in zones of cell division and elongation.-Plant Physiol. 117: 1143–1152, 1998.
Cheong, Y.H., Kim, K.N., Pandey, G.K., Gupta, R., Grant, J.J., Luan, S.: CBL1, a calcium sensor that differentially regulates salt, drought, and cold responses in Arabidopsis.-Plant Cell 15: 1833–1845, 2003.
Cosgrove, D.J.: Loosening of plant cell walls by expansins.-Nature 407: 321–326, 2000.
Cruz-Ortega, R., Cushman, J.C., Ownby, J.D.: cDNA clones encoding 1,3-beta-glucanase and a fimbrin-like cytoskeletal protein are induced by Al toxicity in wheat roots.-Plant Physiol. 114: 1453–1460, 1997.
Ebel, J., Cosio, E.G.: Elicitors of plant defense responses.-Int. Rev. Cytol. 148: 1–36, 1994.
Ekman, D.R., Lorenz, W.W., Przybyla, A.E., Wolfe, N.L., Dean, J.F.D.: SAGE analysis of transcriptome responses in Arabidopsis roots exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene.-Plant Physiol. 133: 1397–1406, 2003.
Ezaki, B., Katsuhara, M., Kawamura, M., Matsumoto, H.: Different mechanisms of four aluminum (Al)-resistant transgenes for Al toxicity in Arabidopsis.-Plant Physiol. 127: 918–927, 2001.
Ferguson, D.L., Turley, R.B., Kloth, R.H.: Identification of a δ-TIP cDNA clones and determination of related A and D genome subfamilies in Gossypium species.-Plant mol. Biol. 34: 111–118, 1997.
Foy, C.D.: Plant adaptation to acid, aluminum toxic soils.-Commun. Soc. Sci. Plant Anal. 19: 959–987, 1988.
Gaedeke, N., Klein, M., Kolukisaoglu, U., Forestier, C., Muller, A., Ansorge, M., Becker, D., Mamnun, Y., Kuchler, K., Schulz, B., Mueller-Roeber, B., Martinoia, E.: The Arabidopsis thaliana ABC transporter AtMRP5 controls root development and stomata movement.-EMBO J. 20: 1875–1887, 2001.
Hamel, F., Breton, C.., Houde, M.: Isolation and characterization of wheat aluminum-regulated genes: possible involvement of aluminum as a pathogenesis response elictor.-Planta 205: 531–538, 1998.
Hamilton, C.A., Good, A.G., Taylor, G.J.: Induction of vacuolar ATPase and mitochondrial ATP synthase by aluminum in an aluminum-resistant cultivar of wheat.-Plant Physiol. 125: 2068–2077, 2001.
Hayes, J., Ma, J.: Al-induced efflux of organic acid anions is poorly associated with internal organic acid metabolism in triticale roots.-J. exp. Bot. 54: 1753–1759, 2003.
Hoekenga, O.A.., Maron, L.G., Pineros, M.A., Cancado, G.M., Shaff, J., Kobayashi, Y., Ryan P.R., Dong, B., Delhaze, E., Sasaki, T., Matsumoto, H., Yamamoto, Y., Koyama, H., Kochian, L.V.: AtALMT1, which encodes a malate transporter, is identified as one of several genes critical for aluminum tolerance in Arabidopsis.-Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 9749–9750, 2006.
Hoekenga, O.A.., Vision, T.J., Shaff, J.E., Monfone, A.J., Lee, G.P.: Idenification and characterization of aluminum tolerance loci in Arabidopsis (Landberg erecta × Columbia) by quantitative trait locus mapping. A physiologically simple but genetically complex trait.-Plant Physiol. 132: 936–948, 2003.
Hossain, M., Zhou, M.X., Mendham, N.J.: A reliable screening system for aluminum tolerance in barley cultivars.-Aust. J. agr. Res. 56: 475–482, 2005.
Irizarry, R.A., Bolstad, B.M., Collin, F., Cope, L.M., Hobbs, B., Speed, T.P.: Summaries of Affymetrix GeneChip probe level data.-Nucl. Acids Res. 31: 1–8, 2003.
Javot, H., Maurel, C.: The role of aquaporins in root water uptake.-Ann. Bot. 90: 3001–3013, 2002.
Karlsson, M., Johansson, I., Bush, M., McCann, M.C., Maurel, C., Larsson, C., Kjellbom, W.G.: An abundant TIP expressed in mature highly vacuolated cells.-Plant J. 21: 83–90, 2000.
Keller, B.: Structural cell wall proteins.-Plant Physiol. 101: 1127–1130, 1993.
Kochian, L.V.: Cellular mechanisms of aluminum toxicity and resistance in plants.-Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant mol. Biol. 46: 237–260, 1995.
Kochian, L.V., Hoekenga, O.A., Pineros, M.A.: How do crop plants tolerate acid soils? Mechanisms of aluminum tolerance and phosphorous efficiency.-Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 55: 459–493, 2004.
Kochian, L.V., Pineros, M.A., Hoekenga, O.A.: The physiology, genetics and molecular biology of plant aluminum resistance and toxicity.-Plant Soil 274: 175–195, 2005.
Larsen, P.B., Cancel, J., Rounds, M., Ochoa, V.: Arabidopsis ALS1 encodes a root tip and stele localized half type ABC transporter required for root growth in an aluminum toxic environment.-Planta 225: 1447–1458, 2006.
Larsen, P.B., Geister, M.J.B., Jones, C.A., Kelly, M.W., Cancel, J.D.: ALS3 encodes a phloem-localized ABC transporter-like protein that is required for aluminum tolerance in Arabidopsis.-Plant J. 41:353–363, 2005.
Lazof, D.B., Goldsmith, J.G., Ruffy, T.W., Linton, R.W.: The early entry of Al into cells of intact soybean roots. A comparison of three developmental root regions using secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging.-Plant Physiol. 112: 1289–1300, 1996.
Leonhardt, N., Kwak, J.M., Robert, N., Waner, D., Leonhardt, G., Schroeder, J.I.: Microarray expression analyses of Arabidopsis guard cells and isolation of a recessive abscisic acid hypersensitive protein phosphatase 2C mutant.-Plant Cell 17: 1330–1333, 2004.
Le Van, H., Kuraishi, S., Sakurai, N.: Aluminum-induced rapid root inhibition and changes in cell-wall components of squash seedlings.-Plant Physiol. 106: 1107–1114, 1994.
Li, C., Wong W.H.: Model-based analysis of oligonucleotide arrays: Expression index computation and outlier detection.-Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 31–36, 2001.
Ma, J.F., Hiradate, S.: Form of aluminum for uptake and translocation in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench).-Planta 211: 355–360, 2000.
Ma, J.F., Hiradate, S., Nomoto, K., Iwashita, T., Matsumoto, H..: Internal detoxification mechanism of Al in hydrangea: Identification of Al form in the leaves.-Plant Physiol. 113: 1033–39, 1997.
Mao, C., Yi, K., Yang, L., Zheng, B., Wu, Y., Liu, F., Wu, P.: Identification of aluminum-regulated genes by cDNA-AFLP in rice (Oryza sativa L): aluminum-regulated genes for the metabolism of cell wall components.-J. exp. Bot. 55: 137–143, 2006.
Milla, M.A., Bulter, E.D., Rodriguez, H., Wilson, C.F., Anderson, O., Gustafson, J.P.: Expressed sequence tagbased gene expression analysis under aluminum stress in rye.-Plant Physiol. 130: 1706–1716, 2002.
Mittler, R., Vanderauwera, S., Gollery, M., Van Breusegem, F.: Reactive oxygen gene network in plants.-Trends Plant Sci. 9: 490–498, 2004.
Moffat, A.S.: Engineering plants to cope with metals.-Science 285: 369–370, 1999.
Nahm, MY., Kim, S.W., Yun, D., Lee, S.Y., Cho, M.J., Bahk, J.D.: Molecular and biochemical analysis of OsRab7, a rice Rab7 homolog.-Plant Cell Physiol. 44: 1341–1349, 2003.
Osawa, H., Matsumoto, H.: Possible involement of protein phosphorylation in aluminum-responsive malate efflux from wheat root apex.-Plant Physiol. 126: 411–420, 2001.
Passardi, F., Cosio, C., Penel, C., Dunand, C.: Peroxidases have more functions than a Swiss army knife.-Plant Cell Rep. 24: 255–265, 2005.
Peixoto, P.H.P., Cambraia, J., Sant’Anna, R., Mosquim, P.R., Moreira, M.A.: Aluminum effects in lipid peroxidation and on activities of enzymes of oxidative metabolism in Sorghum.-Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 11: 137–143. 1999.
PfaffI, M.W.: A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR.-Nucl. Acids Res. 29: 2002–2007, 2001.
Ragland, M., Soliman, K.M.: Sali5-4a and Sali3-2: two genes induced by Al in soybean roots.-Plant Physiol. 114: 395–395, 1997.
Rental, M.C., Lecourieux, D., Ouaked, F., Usher, S.L., Petersen, L., Okamoto, H., Knight, H., Peck, S.C., Grierson, C.S., Hirt, H., Knight, M.C.: OXI1 kinase is necessary for oxidative burst-mediated signaling in Arabidopsis.-Nature 427: 558–861, 2004.
Richards, K.D., Schott, E., Sharma, Y.K., Davis, K.R., Gardner, R.C.: Aluminum induces oxidative stress genes in Arabidopsis thaliana.-Plant Physiol. 116: 409–418, 1998.
Richards, K.D., Snowden, K.C., Gardner, R.C.: Wali6 and wali7. Genes induced by aluminum in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots.-Plant Physiol. 105:1455–1456, 1994.
Sampedro, J., Cosgrove, D.J.: The expansin superfamily.-Genome Biol. 6: 242.1–242.11, 2005.
Sanderfoot, A.A., Ahmed, S.U., Marty-Mazars, D., Rapoport, I., Kirchhausen, T., Marty, F., Raikhel, N.V.: A putative vacuolar cargo receptor partially colocalizes with AtPEP12p on a prevacuolar compartment in Arabidopsis roots.-Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 9920–9925, 1998.
Sasaki, T., Eunichi, B., Matsumoto, H.: A gene encoding multidrug resistance (MDR)-like protein is induced by aluminum and inhibitors of calcium flux in wheat.-Plant Cell. Physiol. 43: 177–185, 2002.
Savenstrand, H., Brosche, M., Angehagen, M., Strid, A.: Molecular markers for ozone stress isolated by suppression subtractive hybridization: specificity of gene expression and identification of a novel stress-regulated gene.-Plant Cell Environ. 23: 689–700, 2000.
Shen, R., Ma, J.F., Kyo, M., Iwashita, T.: Compartmentation of aluminum in leaves of an Al-accumulor, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.-Planta 215: 394–398, 2002.
Shen, R., Iwashita, T., Ma, J.F.: Form of Al changes with Al concentration in leaves of buckwheat.-J. exp. Bot. 55: 131–136, 2004.
Silva, I.R., Smyth, T.J., Moxley, D.F., Carter, T.E., Allen, N.S., Rufty, T.W.: Aluminum accumulation at nuclei of cells in the root tip. Fluorescence detection using lumogallion and confocal laser scanning microscopy.-Plant Physiol. 123: 543–552, 2000.
Šimonovičová, M., Tamás, L., Huttová, J., Mistrík, I.: Effect of aluminum on oxidative stress related enzymes activities in barley roots.-Biol. Plant. 48: 261–266, 2004.
Shin, Y.K., Yum, H., Kim, E.S., Cho, H., Gothandam, K.M., Hyun, J., Chung, Y.Y.: BcXTH1, a Brassica campestris homologue of Arabidopsis XTH9, is associated with cell expansion.-Planta 224: 32–41, 2006.
Sivaguru, M., Fujiwara, T., Šámaj, J., Baluška, F., Yang, Z., Osawa, H., Maeda, T., Mori, T., Volkmann, D., Matsumoto, H.: Aluminum-induced 1→3-β-D-glucan inhibits cell-to-cell trafficking of molecules through plasodesmata. A new mechanism of aluminum toxicity in plants.-Plant Physiol. 124: 991–1005, 2000.
Smart, L.B., Moskal, W.A., Cameron, K.D., Bennett, A.B.: MIP genes are down-regulated under drought stress in Nicotiana glauca.-Plant Cell Physiol. 42: 686–693, 2001.
Snowen, K.C., Gardner, R.C.: Five genes induced by aluminum in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots.-Plant Physiol. 103: 855–861, 1993.
Sohn, E.J., Kim, E.S., Zhao, M., Kim, S.J., Kim, H., Kim, Y.W., Lee, Y.J., Hillmer, S., Sohn, U., Jiang, L., Hwang, I.: Rha1, an Arabidopsis Rab5 homolog, plays a critical role in the vacuolar trafficking of soluble cargo proteins.-Plant Cell 15: 1057–1070, 2003.
Sormo, C.G., Leiro, I., Brembu, T., Winge, P., Os, V., Bones, A.M.: the crystal structure of Arabidopsis thaliana RAC7/ROP9: The first RAS superfamily GTPase from the plant kingdom.-Phytochemistry 67: 2332–2340, 2006.
Sugiyama, A., Shitan, N., Sato, S., Nakamura, Y., Tabata, S., Yazaki, K.: Genome-wide analysis of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins in a model legume plant, Lotus japonicus: comparison with Arabidopsis ABC protein family.-DNA Res. 13: 205–228, 2006.
Tamás, L., Huttová, J., Mistrík, I., Šimonovičová, M., Široká, B.: Aluminum-induced drought and oxidative stress in barley roots.-J. Plant Physiol. 163: 781–784, 2006.
Taylor, G.J., McDonald-Stephens, J.L., Hunter, D.B., Bertsch, P.M., Elmore, D.: Direct measurement of aluminum uptake and distribution in single cells of Chara corallina.-Plant Physiol. 123: 987–996, 2000.
Tchieu, J.H., Fana, F., Fink, J.L., Harper, J., Nair, T.M., Niedner, R.H., Smith, D.W., Steube, K., Tam, T.M., Veretnik, S., Wang, D., Gribskov.: The plantsP and plantsT functional genomics databases.-Nucl. Acids Res. 31: 342–344, 2003.
Tesfaye, M., Temple, S.J., Allen, D.L., Vance, C.P., Samac, D.A.: Overexpression of malate dehydrogenase in trangenic alfalfa enhances organic acid synthesis and confers tolerance to aluminum.-Plant Physiol. 127: 1836–1844, 2001.
Vazquez, M.D., Poschenrieder, C., Corrales, I., Barceló, J.: Change in apoplastic aluminum during the initial growth reponse to aluminum by roots of a tolerant maize variety.-Plant Physiol. 119: 435–444, 1999.
Vernoud, V., Horton, A.C., Yang, Z., Nielsen, E.: Analysis of the small GTPase gene superfamily of Arabidopsis.-Plant Physiol. 131: 1191–1208, 2003.
Vissenberg, K., Oyama, M., Osato, Y., Yokoyama, R., Verbelen, J.P., Nishitant, K.: Differential expression of AtXTH17, AtXTH18, AtXTH19 and AtXTH20 genes in Arabidopsis roots. Physiological roles in specification in cell wall construction.-Plant Cell Physiol. 46: 192–200, 2005.
Von Rad, U., Mueller, M.J., Durner, J.: Evaluation of natural and synthetic stimulants of plant immunity by microarray technology.-New Phytol. 165: 191–202, 2005.
Von Uexkull, H.R., Mutert, E.: Global extent, development and economic impact of acid soils.-Plant Soil 171:1–15, 1995.
Wang, J.-W., Kao, C.H.: Protective effect of ascorbic acid and glutathione on AlCl3-inhibited growth of rice roots.-Biol. Plant. 51: 493–500, 2007.
Werck-Reichhart, D., Bak, S., Paquette, S..: Cytochromes P450.-In: Somerville, C.R., Meyerowitz, E.M. (ed.): The Arabidopsis Book. Pp. 1–28. American Society of Plant Biologists, Rockville 2002.
Wisman, E., Ohlrogge, J.: Arabidopsis microarray service facilities.-Plant Physiol. 124: 1468–1471, 2000.
Wildermuth, M.C., Dewdney, J., Wu, G., Ausubel, F.M.: Isochorismate synthase is required to synthesize salicylic acid for plant defense.-Nature 417: 562–565, 2002.
Yang, Z.M., Wang, J., Wang, S.H., Xu, L.L.: Salicylic acid-induced aluminum tolerance by modulation of citrate efflux from roots of Cassia tora L.-Planta 217: 168–174, 2003.
Zheng, S.J., Yang, J.L.: Target sites of aluminum phytotoxicity.-Biol. Plant. 49: 321–331, 2005.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Goodwin, S.B., Sutter, T.R. Microarray analysis of Arabidopsis genome response to aluminum stress. Biol Plant 53, 85–99 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-009-0012-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-009-0012-4