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Rapid organic matter mineralization coupled to iron cycling in intertidal mud flats of the Han River estuary, Yellow Sea

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Abstract

Organic matter oxidation represents a transfer of elements to inorganic nutrients that support biological productivity and food web processes. Therefore, quantification of the controls of organic matter mineralization is crucial to understanding the carbon cycle and biogeochemical dynamics in coastal marine environments. We investigated the rates and pathways of anaerobic carbon (C) oxidation in an unvegetated mud flat (UMF) and a vegetated mud flat (VMF) of the Ganghwa intertidal zone of the macro-tidal Han River estuary, Yellow Sea. Analyses of geochemical constituents revealed relatively oxidized conditions and high reactive Fe(III) concentrations (40–100 μmol cm−3) in the sediments. A pronounced depth stratification in Fe(III) was observed at the VMF site likely due to the lower number of infaunal burrows along with dense root formation by the macrophytes, Suaeda japonica. Depth-integrated rates of anaerobic C mineralization as well as sulfate- and Fe(III) reduction at the VMF were consistently higher than those at the UMF, likely driven by the dense vegetation that supplied organic C substrates and electron acceptors to the rhizosphere. Sediment inventories revealed that solid Fe(III) was up to 17 times more abundant than pore water sulfate, and direct rate measurements showed that microbial Fe(III) reduction comprised an equal or larger percentage of C oxidation (36–66 %) in comparison to sulfate reduction (36–40 %) at both sites studied. Time-course experiments indicated that sulfate reduction rates were likely underestimated, especially in the VMF rhizosphere, due to the reoxidation of reduced S in the presence of high Fe(III). The high rates of C mineralization suggest that the Ganghwa intertidal mud flats are a significant sink against the external loading of organic compounds, and organic matter mineralization is enhanced by chemical exchange regulated by extreme tidal flushing and macro-microorganisms interactions.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Basic Research Program of Korea Ocean R&D Institute (PE 98104), Development of Utilization Technique for Tidal Energy (PM 51700) funded by the Korean Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, and partly by the internal research fund of Hanyang University (HY-2006-N). The authors thank two anonymous reviewers for their comments that improved the earlier version of the manuscript.

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  1. Department of Environmental Marine Sciences, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa-3 dong, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 426-791, Korea

    Jung-Ho Hyun, Jin-Sook Mok, Hye-Youn Cho & Sung-Han Kim

  2. Coastal Engineering and Ocean Energy Research Department, Korea Ocean R&D Institute, 1270 Sa-dong, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 426-790, Korea

    Kwang Soo Lee

  3. Department of Oceanography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4320, USA

    Joel E. Kostka

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Hyun, JH., Mok, JS., Cho, HY. et al. Rapid organic matter mineralization coupled to iron cycling in intertidal mud flats of the Han River estuary, Yellow Sea. Biogeochemistry 92, 231–245 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-009-9287-y

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