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Naturalized alien flora of the Indian states: biogeographic patterns, taxonomic structure and drivers of species richness

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Abstract

Despite an existing India-wide inventory of alien plant species, an inventory documenting the occurrence of naturalized alien plant species in each of the Indian states (including union territories) was not available yet. We compiled from the literature a list of naturalized alien vascular plant species with data on their occurrence in 33 Indian states, and related the richness of naturalized species per state to climate, socioeconomic parameters and human influence. In total, we report 471 naturalized species in India, which represents 2.6% of the total flora of this country, and for 449 of them we provide the distribution in the states. The highest and lowest numbers of naturalized species are reported from Tamil Nadu (332) and the island Lakshadweep (17), respectively. The families richest in naturalized species are Compositae (75), Leguminosae (60) and Poaceae (36). The highest numbers of naturalized aliens occurs in states located at lower latitudes in the tropics, and in more northernly located states that even in the dry period still have relatively high amounts of precipitation. Naturalized species richness of a state is furthermore positively related to socioeconomic factors represented by the percentage of the population living in urban areas, and human population density. The state-wise inventory of naturalized alien species improves our knowledge on threats associated with plant invasions in India, and can be used to provide arguments for promoting programs on conservation of native biodiversity in the country as well as in particular states.

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Acknowledgements

Inderjit acknowledges support from the University of Delhi and Department of Biotechnology (BT/PR6928/BCE/8/927/2012). PP and JP were supported by Project No. 14-36079G Centre of Excellence PLADIAS (Czech Science Foundation) and long-term research development project RVO 67985939 (The Czech Academy of Sciences). PP acknowledges the support from Praemium Academiae award from The Czech Academy of Sciences. MvK acknowledges support from the German Science Foundation (DFG; KL1866/9-1). We thank Zuzana Sixtová for technical assistance. BRPR and SS acknowledge the support from UGC (F. 19-151/2015 BSR and PDFSS-2014-15-ST-AND-9507).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Studies, Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems (CEMDE), University of Delhi, Delhi, India

    Inderjit & Sudipto Majumdar

  2. Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic

    Jan Pergl, Martin Hejda & Petr Pyšek

  3. Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Constance, Germany

    Mark van Kleunen

  4. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China

    Mark van Kleunen

  5. Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems (CEMDE), University of Delhi, Delhi, India

    Cherukuri Raghavendra Babu

  6. Botanical Survey of India, CGO Complex, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, 700 064, India

    Paramjit Singh

  7. Central Himalaya Environment Association (CHEA), 06 Waldorf Compound, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263001, India

    Surendra Pratap Singh

  8. Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu, 515003, India

    Sugali Salamma & Boyina Ravi Prasad Rao

  9. Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic

    Petr Pyšek

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  1. Inderjit
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Contributions

PP, JP and MvK initiated the idea and outlined the paper; Inderjit, CRB, PS, SM, SPS, SS and BRPR collected data on species taxonomy and distributions; MH verified data on origin; JP analysed the data; CRB, SM and Inderjit prepared the list of species reported as alien in many previous Indian checklists that do not qualify as naturalized species; PP, MvK and Inderjit wrote the paper and all authors commented on the final draft.

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Correspondence to Inderjit.

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Inderjit, Pergl, J., van Kleunen, M. et al. Naturalized alien flora of the Indian states: biogeographic patterns, taxonomic structure and drivers of species richness. Biol Invasions 20, 1625–1638 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1622-y

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