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Number of source populations as a potential driver of pine invasions in Brazil

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Abstract

To understand current patterns of Pinus invasion in an Araucaria forest in southern Brazil, we quantified invasion at the local scale and compared it with habitat characteristics, propagule size, and number of source populations, using generalized linear models. We also compared observed and expected invasive species status based on a previously developed model (Z scores) using Chi square and correlation tests to evaluate the predictability of species status based on their traits. Of the 16 Pinus species currently present in the site, three are invasive (P. elliottii, P. glabra, and P. taeda), three are naturalized (P. clausa, P. oocarpa, and P. pseudostrobus), and ten are present only as the originally planted individuals. While P. taeda spread the farthest, P. glabra had greater overall density, but none of the invasive species has spread more than 250 m in 45 years. Invasive Pinus plants were found where forest tree density was below 805 trees ha−1, and invasive Pinus density decreased log-linearly with an increase in native tree density. Number of individuals introduced and number of source populations were strong predictors of naturalization, thus both propagule size and propagule diversity can potentially be driving invasion success. Z scores based on species traits did not predict which species would invade in Rio Negro. Our findings suggest that Araucaria forests might not resist invasion by Pinus as recently suggested and support the hypothesis that propagule pressure is a fundamental driver of invasions with propagule diversity being a possible component of this mechanism.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Martin A. Nuñez for ideas and comments on this manuscript, and Lara Souza, Dave Richardson, and anonymous referees for their comments on this manuscript. We are grateful to field assistants Renan M. Falleiros, Gilson Machado Rosa and Osmiro Valério Neto. The administration of the Rio Negro Experimental Station provided essential logistic support, especially Carlos Firkowski. R.D.Z. is supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq—Brazil) and this work was supported by a summer research grant from the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and a summer graduate research assistantship from the University of Tennessee.

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  1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA

    Rafael Dudeque Zenni & Daniel Simberloff

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  1. Rafael Dudeque Zenni
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Correspondence to Rafael Dudeque Zenni.

Appendices

Appendix 1

Table 3.

Table 3 List of species planted in Rio Negro Experimental Station, Brazil
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Appendix 2

Table 4.

Table 4 Geographical coordinates and details of seed collection for the source populations shown in Fig. 2
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Zenni, R.D., Simberloff, D. Number of source populations as a potential driver of pine invasions in Brazil. Biol Invasions 15, 1623–1639 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-012-0397-4

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