Skip to main content
Log in

Systems of Care: New Partnerships for Community Psychology

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
American Journal of Community Psychology

Abstract

For almost two decades, the federal government has supported the development of integrated models of mental health service delivery for children and families, known as systems of care (SOCs), that strive to be child-centered, family-focused, community-based, and culturally competent. These efforts align well with the values and principles (e.g., empowerment, collaboration, strengths emphasis, focus on macro-level social/system change) central to community psychology (CP; Kloos et al. in Community psychology, Cengage Learning, Belmont, 2012). Despite the convergence of many core values, CPs have historically been underrepresented in key roles in SOC initiatives. However, this has changed in recent years, with increasing examples of community psychology skills and principles applied to the development, implementation, and evaluation of SOCs. Because successful and sustainable implementation of SOCs requires community and system-level change, and SOCs are increasingly being urged to adopt a stronger “public health” orientation (Miles et al. in A public health approach to children’s mental health: a conceptual framework, Georgetown University Center for Child and Human Development, National Technical Assistance Center for Children’s Mental Health, Washington, DC, 2010), there is great potential for CPs to play important roles in SOCs. This paper discusses opportunities and roles for CPs in SOCs in applied research and evaluation, community practice, and training.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Armstrong, M. I., Milch, H., Curtis, P., & Hedress, P. (2012). A business model for managing system change through strategic financing and performance indicators: A case study. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49. doi:10.1007/s10464-012-9512-z.

  • Balcazar, F. E., Keys, C. B., Kaplan, D., & Suarez-Balcazar, Y. (1998). Participatory action research and people with disabilities: Principles and challenges. Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation, 12, 105–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barksdale, C. L., Gyamfi Ottley, P., Stephens, R., Gebreselassie, T., Fua, I., Azur, M., et al. (2012). System-level change in cultural and linguistic competence (CLC): How changes in CLC are related to service experience outcomes in systems of care. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49. doi:10.1007/s10464-011-9442-1.

  • Bertram, R. M., Suter, J. C., Bruns, E. J., & O’Rourke, K. E. (2011). Implementation research and wraparound literature: Building a research agenda. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20, 713–725.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brannan, A. M., Brashears, F., Gyamfi, P., & Manteuffel, B. (2012). Implementation and development of federally-funded systems of care over time. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49. doi:10.1007/s10464-011-9472-8.

  • Brashears, F., Davis, C., & Katz-Leavy, J. (2012). Systems of care: The story behind the numbers. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49. doi:10.1007/s10464-011-9452-z.

  • Bruns, E. J., Walker, J. S., & National Wraparound Initiative Advisory Group. (2008). Ten principles of the wraparound process. In E. J. Bruns & J. S. Walker (Eds.), The resource guide to wraparound. Portland, OR: National Wraparound Initiative, Research and Training Center for Family Support and Children’s Mental Health, Portland State University.

  • Bruns, E. J., Osher, T., Walker, J. S., & Rast, J. (2005a). The National Wraparound Initiative: Toward consistent implementation of high-quality wraparound. In C. Newman, C. Liberton, K. Kutash, & R. M. Friedman (Eds.), The 17th annual research conference proceedings: A system of care for children’s mental health (pp. 129–134). Tampa: University of South Florida, Florida Mental Health Institute Research and Training Center for Children’s Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruns, E. J., Rast, J., Peterson, C., Walker, J., & Bosworth, J. (2006a). Spreadsheets, service providers, and the statehouse: Using data and the wraparound process to reform systems for children and families. American Journal of Community Psychology, 38, 201–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruns, E. J., Sather, A., Pullmann, M. D., & Stumbaugh, L. F. (2011). National trends in implementing wraparound: Results from the State Wraparound Survey. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20, 726–735. doi:10.1007/s10826-011-9535-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruns, E. J., & Suter, J. C. (2010). Summary of the wraparound evidence base. In E. J. Bruns & J. S. Walker (Eds.), The resource guide to wraparound. Portland, OR: National Wraparound Initiative.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruns, E. J., Suter, J. C., Force, M. M., & Burchard, J. D. (2005b). Adherence to wraparound principles and association with outcomes. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 14, 521–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruns, E. J., Suter, J. C., & Leverentz-Brady, K. (2006b). Relations between program and system variables and fidelity to the wraparound process for children and families. Psychiatric Services, 57, 1586–1593.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruns, E. J., Suter, J. C., & Leverentz-Brady, K. (2008). Is it wraparound yet? Setting quality standards for implementation of the wraparound process. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services, 35, 240–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruns, E. J., & Walker, J. S. (2011a). Research on the wraparound process: Intervention components and implementation supports. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20, 709–712. doi:10.1007/s10826-011-9534-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruns, E. J., & Walker, J. S. (Eds.). (2011b). Wraparound services. [Special Issue]. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20, 709–886.

  • Burns, B. J., Costello, E. J., Angold, A., Tweed, D., Stangle, D., Farmer, E. M., et al. (1995). Children’s mental health service use across service sectors. Health Affairs (Millwood), 14, 147–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, B. J., & Goldman, S. K. (Eds.). (1999). Promising practices in wraparound for children with serious emotional disturbance and their families. Systems of Care: Promising practices in children’s mental health, 1998 series, volume IV. Washington, DC: Center for Effective Collaboration and Practice, American Institutes for Research.

  • Center for Mental Health Services. (1997). Annual report to congress on the evaluation of the comprehensive community mental health services for children and their families program, 1997. Atlanta, GA: ORC Macro.

    Google Scholar 

  • Center for Mental Health Services. (1998). Annual report to congress on the evaluation of the comprehensive community mental health services for children and their families program, 1998. Atlanta, GA: ORC Macro.

    Google Scholar 

  • Center for Mental Health Services. (1999). Annual report to congress on the evaluation of the comprehensive community mental health services for children and their families program, 1999. Atlanta, GA: ORC Macro.

    Google Scholar 

  • Center for Mental Health Services. (2003). CMHS national evaluation: Aggregate data profile report - Communities funded from 1997 to 2000. Atlanta, GA: ORC Macro.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, J. R., & Kilmer, R. P. (2004). Evaluating systems of care: Missing links in children’s mental health research. Journal of Community Psychology, 32, 355–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, J. R., & Kilmer, R. P. (2010a). Defining the scope of systems of care: An ecological perspective. Evaluation and Program Planning, 33, 18–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, J. R., & Kilmer, R. P. (2010b). The importance of context in fostering responsive community systems: Supports for families in systems of care. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80, 115–123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, J. R., Kilmer, R. P., DeRusso, A., Vishnevsky, T., & Meyers, D. C. (2007). Assessment of child and family team functioning using the Participant Rating Form. In C. Newman, C. Liberton, K. Kutash, & R. Friedman (Eds.), 19th Annual research conference proceedings: A system of care for children’s mental health: expanding the research base (pp. 317–322). Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, The Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, Research and Training Center for Children’s Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, J. R., McCammon, S., & Yang, E. (1999, June). Strengthening community collaboratives through university partnerships: Improving children’s mental health services delivery. Poster session presented at the Biennial Conference of the Society for Community Research and Action, New Haven, CT.

  • Costello, E. J., Foley, D. L., & Angold, A. (2006). 10-year research update review: The epidemiology of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: II. Developmental epidemiology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 8–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crusto, C. A., Lowell, D., Paulicin, B., Reynolds, J., Feinn, R., Friedman, S. R., et al. (2008). Evaluation of wraparound services for children exposed to violence. Best Practices in Mental Health: An International Journal, 4, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalton, J., Elias, M., & Wandersman, A. (2007). Community psychology: Linking individuals and communities (2nd ed). New York: Wadsworth.

  • De Carolis, G. (2001). Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 9, 2–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dosser, D. A, Jr, Handron, D. S., McCammon, S. L., Powell, J. Y., & Spencer, S. S. (2001). Challenges and strategies for teaching collaborative interdisciplinary practice in children’s mental health care. Families, Systems & Health, 19, 65–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durlak, J. A., & DuPre, E. P. (2008). Implementation matters: A review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and the factors affecting implementation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 327–350.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elias, M. J., & Cohen, J. (1999). Lessons for life: How smart schools build social, emotional, and academic intelligence. Bloomington, IN: National Education Service/National Center for Innovation and Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, M. H., Nordness, P. D., Kutash, K., Duchnowski, A., Schrepf, S., Benner, G., et al. (2003). Assessing the wraparound process during family planning meetings. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 30, 352–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, C. (2012). Using systems of care to reduce incarceration of youth with serious mental illness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49. doi:10.1007/s10464-011-9484-4.

  • Fetterman, D., Kaftarian, S., & Wandersman, A. (Eds.). (1996). Empowerment evaluation: Knowledge and tools for self-assessment and accountability. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finello, K. M. & Paulson, M. K. (2012). Unique system of care issues and challenges in serving children under age 3 and their families. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49. doi:10.1007/s10464-011-9458-6.

  • Fixsen, D. L., Naoom, S. F., Blase, K. A., Friedman, R. M., & Wallace, F. (2005). Implementation research: A synthesis of the literature. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, The National Implementation Research Network.

  • Foster-Fishman, P. G., & Droege, E. (2010). Locating the system in a system of care. Evaluation and Program Planning, 33, 11–13. doi:10.1007/s10464-011-9454-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster-Fishman, P. G., & Watson, E. R. (2012). The ABLe change framework: A conceptual and methodological tool for promoting systems change. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49. doi:10.1007/s10464-011-9454-x.

  • Friedman, R. M. (1994). Restructuring of systems to emphasize prevention and family support. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23(Suppl), 40–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graves, K. N., & Shelton, T. L. (2007). Family empowerment as a mediator between family-centered systems of care and changes in child functioning: Identifying an important mechanism of change. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16, 556–566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haber, M. G., Cook, J. R., & Kilmer, R. P. (2012). Perceptions of wraparound processes by youth versus other team members: Associations with age and implications for implementation with transition-age youth. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49. doi:10.1007/s10464-012-9490-1.

  • Haber, M., Cook, J. R., Kilmer, R. P., & Hemphill, B. (2010). Relationships of child and family team meeting processes to initial and long-term changes in youth functioning. Paper presented at the 23rd Annual Mental Health Research and Policy Conference, Tampa, FL.

  • Handron, D. S., Dosser, D. A, Jr, McCammon, S. L., & Powell, J. Y. (1998). “Wraparound”—The wave of the future: Theoretical and professional practice implications for children and families with complex needs. Journal of Family Nursing, 4, 65–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hemphill, B., Cook, J. R., & Kilmer, R. P. (March, 2010). Child and family team processes as predictors of changes in youth functioning. Paper presented at the 23rd annual mental health research and policy conference, Tampa, FL.

  • Hodges, S., Ferreira, K., & Israel, N. (2012). “If we’re going to change things, it has to be systemic:” Systems change in children’s mental health. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49. doi:10.1007/s10464-012-9491-0.

  • Hodges, S., Ferreira, K., Israel, N., & Mazza, J. (2006). Strategies of system of care implementation: Making change in complex systems. Tampa, FL: Department of Child and Family Studies, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, University of South Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, S., Ferreira, K., Israel, N., & Mazza, J. (2010). Systems of care, featherless bipeds, and the measure of all things. Evaluation and Program Planning, 33, 4–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holden, E. W., & Brannan, A. M. (Eds.). (2002). Evaluating systems of care: The comprehensive community mental health services for children and their families program [special issue]. Children’s Services: Social Policy, Research, and Practice, 5, 1–74.

  • Holden, E. W., Santiago, R. L., Manteuffel, B. A., Stephens, R. L., Brannan, A. M., Soler, R., et al. (2003). Systems of care demonstration projects: Innovation, evaluation, and sustainability. In A. J. Pumariega & N. C. Winters (Eds.), The handbook of child and adolescent Systems of Care: The New Community Psychiatry (pp. 432–458). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, L., Stroul, B., Friedman, R., Mrazek, P., Friesen, B., Pires, S., et al. (2005). Transforming mental health care for children and their families. American Psychologist, 60, 615–627.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jason, L. A., Keys, C. B., Suarez-Balcazar, Y., Taylor, R. R., Davis, M., Durlak, J., et al. (Eds.). (2004). Participatory community research: Theories and methods in action. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association

  • Joint Commission on the Mental Health of Children. (1969). Crisis in child mental health. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kataoka, S., Zhang, L., & Wells, K. (2002). Unmet need for mental health care among U.S. children: Variation by ethnicity and insurance status. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(9), 1548–1555.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendziora, K., Bruns, E., Osher, D., Pacchiano, D., & Mejia, B. (2001). Systems of care: Promising practices in children’s mental health, 2001 series (Vol. I). Washington, D.C.: Center for Effective Collaboration and Practice, American Institutes for Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilmer, R. P., & Cook, J. R. (2012). Moving forward with Systems of Care: Needs and new directions. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49. doi:10.1007/s10464-012-9513-y.

  • Kilmer, R. P., Cook, J. R., & Palamaro Munsell, E. (2010a). Moving from principles to practice: Recommended policy changes to promote family-centered care. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46, 332–341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kilmer, R. P., Cook, J. R., Palamaro Munsell, E., & Kane Salvador, S. (2010b). Factors associated with positive adjustment in siblings of children with severe emotional disturbance: The role of family resources and community life. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80, 473–481.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kilmer, R. P., Cook, J. R., Taylor, C. M., Kane, S. F., & Clark, L. Y. (2008). Siblings of children with severe emotional disturbances: Risks, resources, and adaptation. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78, 1–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kloos, B., Hill, J., Thomas, E., Wandersman, A., Elias, M. J., & Dalton, J. H. (2012). Community psychology. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knitzer, J. (1982). Unclaimed children: The failure of public responsibility to children and adolescents in need of mental health services. Washington, DC: Children’s Defense Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koroloff, N., & Friesen, B. (1997). Challenges in conducting family-centered mental health services research. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 5, 130–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kutash, K., Greenbaum, P. E., Wang, W., Boothroyd, R. A., & Friedman, R. M. (2011). Levels of system of care implementation: A national benchmark study. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 38, 342–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lunn, L. M., Heflinger, C. A., Wang, W., Greenbaum, P. E., Kutash, K., Boothroyd, R. A., et al. (2011). Community characteristics and implementation factors associated with effective systems of care. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 38, 327–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maton, K. I. (2008). Empowering community settings: Agents of individual development, community betterment, and positive social change. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 4–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCammon, S. L. (2012). Systems of care as asset-building communities: Implementing strengths-based planning and positive youth development. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49. doi:10.1007/s10464-012-9514-x.

  • McCammon, S. L., Cook, J. R., & Kilmer, R. P. (2002). Integrating Systems-of-Care values into university-based training. In D. T. Marsh & M. A. Fristad (Eds.), Handbook of serious emotional disturbance in children and adolescents (pp. 56–76). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCammon, S. L., Friesen, B. J., & Spencer, S. A. (2001). Promoting family empowerment through multiple roles. In D. A. Dosser, D. Handron, S. L. McCammon, & J. Y. Powell (Eds.), Child mental health: Exploring systems of care in the new millennium (pp. 1–24). NY: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, J., Espiritu, R. C., Horen, N., Sebian, J., & Waetzig, E. (2010). A public health approach to children’s mental health: A conceptual framework. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Center for Child and Human Development, National Technical Assistance Center for Children’s Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, B. D., Blau, G. M., Christopher, O. T., & Jordan, P. E. (2012). Sustaining and expanding systems of care to provide mental health services for children, youth and families across America. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49. doi:10.1007/s10464-012-9517-7.

  • Moritsugu, J., Wong, F. Y., & Duffy, F. G. (2010). Community psychology (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osher, T., deFur, E., Nava, C., Spencer, S., & Toth-Dennis, D. (1999). New roles for families in systems of care. Systems of care: Promising practices in children’s mental health, 1998 series, Volume I. Washington, DC: Center for Effective Collaboration and Practice, American Institutes for Research.

  • Osher, T., van Kammen, W., & Zaro, S. M. (2001). Family participation in evaluating systems of care: Family, research, and service system perspectives. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 9, 63–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palamaro Munsell, E., Cook, J. R., Kilmer, R. P., Vishnevsky, T., & Strompolis, M. (2011). The impact of child and family team composition on Wraparound fidelity: Examining links between team attendance consistency and functioning. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20, 771–781. doi:10.1007/s10826-011-9444-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pandiani, J. A., Schacht, L. M., & Banks, S. M. (1996). A longitudinal evaluation of a system of care for children and adolescents with severe emotional disturbances. Evaluation and Program Planning, 19, 365–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, N. A., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2004). Beyond the individual: Toward a nomological network of organizational empowerment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 34, 129–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pires, S. (2002). Building systems of care: A primer. Washington, DC: Human Services Collaborative.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pumariega, A. J., & Winters, N. C. (Eds.). (2003). The handbook of child and adolescent systems of care: The new community psychiatry. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rappaport, J. (1981). In praise of paradox: A social policy of empowerment over prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9, 1–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rappaport, J. (1987). Terms of empowerment/exemplars of prevention: Toward a theory for community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15, 121–144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rast, J., Bruns, E. J., Brown, E. C., Peterson, C. R., & Mears, S. L. (2007). Impact of the wraparound process in a child welfare system: Results of a matched comparison study (unpublished program evaluation).

  • Seidman, E., Hughes, D., & Williams, N. (Eds.). (1993). Culturally anchored methodology [special issue]. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21.

  • Slaton, A. E., Cecil, C. W., Lambert, L. E., King, T., & Pearson, M. M. (2012). What a difference family-driven makes: Stories of success and lessons learned. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49. doi:10.1007/s10464-011-9449-7.

  • Society for Community Research and Action (2012). Competencies for community psychology practice: A framework for graduate and professional education. Council on Education Programs and Community Psychology Practice Council Task Group on Defining Practice Competencies.

  • Stroul, B. (2002). Issue brief—System of care: A framework for system reform in children’s mental health. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Child Development Center, National Technical Assistance Center for Children’s Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stroul, B., & Blau, G. (Eds.). (2008). The system of care handbook: Transforming mental health services for children, youth and families. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stroul, B. A., & Friedman, R. M. (1986a). A system of care for children and youth with severe emotional disturbances. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Child Development Center, CASSP Technical Assistance Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stroul, B. A., & Friedman, R. M. (1986b). A system of care for children and youth with severe emotional disturbances (Revised ed). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Child Development Center, CASSP Technical Assistance Center.

  • Suarez, L. M., Belcher, H. M. E., Briggs, E. C., & Titus, J. C. (2012). Supporting the need for an integrated system of care for youth with co-occurring traumatic stress and substance abuse problems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49. doi:10.1007/s10464-011-9464-8.

  • Suter, J. C., & Bruns, E. J. (2009). Effectiveness of the wraparound process for children with emotional and behavioral disorders: A meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 12, 336–351.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tebes, J. K., Bowler, S. M., Shah, S., Connell, C. M., Ross, E., Simmons, R., et al. (2005). Service access and service system development in a children’s behavioral health system of care. Evaluation & Program Planning, 28, 151–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tebes, J. K., & Kaufman, J. S. (2002). An evaluation of the Rhode Island community-based behavioral health system of care for children and their families. In C. Newman, C. Liberton, K. Kutash, & R. Friedman (Eds.), 14th Annual research conference proceedings: A system of care for children’s mental health: expanding the research base (pp. 69–72). Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, The Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, Research and Training Center for Children’s Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • The President’s Commission on Mental Health (1978). Report to the President (Vol. 1). (Stock Number 040-000-00390-8). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

  • Tolan, P., Keys, C., Chertok, F., & Jason, L. (Eds.). (1990). Researching community psychology: Issues of theory and methods. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turnbull, A. P., Friesen, B. J., & Ramirez, C. (1998). Participatory action research as a model for conducting family research. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 23, 178–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1999). Mental health: A report of the Surgeon General (Chapter 3: Children and mental health). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health.

  • VanDenBerg, J. E., & Grealish, E. M. (1996). Individualized services and supports through the wraparound process: Philosophy and procedures. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 5, 7–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vander Stoep, A., Williams, M., Jones, R., Green, L., & Trupin, E. (1999). Families as full research partners: What’s in it for us? Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 16, 329–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinson, N. B., Brannan, A. M., Baughman, L. N., Wilce, M., & Gawron, T. (2001). The system-of-care model: Implementation in twenty-seven communities. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 9, 30–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J. S., Koroloff, N., & Schutte, K. (2003). Implementing high-quality collaborative individualized service/support planning: Necessary conditions. Portland, OR: Research and Training Center on Family Support and Children’s Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J. S., & Schutte, K. M. (2005). Quality and individualization in wraparound planning. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 14, 251–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wenz-Gross, M., DuBrino Irsfeld, T., Twomey, T., Perez, A., Thompson, J., Wally, M., et al. (2012). Changing the system by changing the workforce: Employing consumers to increase access, cultural diversity, and engagement. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49. doi:10.1007/s10464-011-9473-7.

  • West, A. E., Williams, E., Suzukovich, E., Strangeman, K., & Novins, D. (2012). A mental health needs assessment of urban American Indian youth and families. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49. doi:10.1007/s10464-011-9474-6.

  • Whitson, M. L., Connell, C. M., Bernard, S., & Kaufman, J. S. (2011). The impact of youth and family risk factors on service recommendations and delivery in a school-based system of care. J Behav Health Serv Res, 38, 146–158.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitson, M., Connell, C. M., Bernard, S., Kaufman, J. S. (in press). An examination of exposure to traumatic events and symptoms and strengths for children served in a behavioral health system of care. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders.

  • Zimmerman, M. A., & Perkins, D. (Eds.). (1995). Empowerment theory, research, and application [special issue]. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to James R. Cook.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cook, J.R., Kilmer, R.P. Systems of Care: New Partnerships for Community Psychology. Am J Community Psychol 49, 393–403 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-012-9516-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-012-9516-8

Keywords

Navigation