Abstract
This paper assesses potential slope movement in a landslide area using a grouted cable of time domain reflectometry (TDR) technology compared with data from an inclinometer and bore logs. The paper quantifies the magnitude of a TDR coaxial cable by laboratory shear and extension tests. The maximum and average magnitudes of cable deformation by laboratory shear failure were 60 mm and 47 mm, respectively. Then, in the paper, the results of the laboratory testing were applied to a case study where there were two inclinometers and two TDR monitoring stations. Based on laboratory shear and extension testing, differences in TDR-reflected waveforms can be regarded as locations of cable deformations. Meanwhile, the magnitude of cable deformations can be measured by the regression equation of the relation between reflection coefficients and shear displacements. Finally, the working limit of the cable for potential slope movement can be determined at 210-mρ reflection coefficient in laboratory and field testing. When a grouted cable ruptured, the TDR technology can detect a reflection coefficient at 210 mρ corresponding to the potential shear displacement at approximately 47 mm, which means that a localized slope deformation significantly occurred at the location of the cable rupture.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Borgatti L, Corsini A, Barbieri M, Sartini G, Truffelli G, Caputo G, Puglisi C (2006) Large reactivated landslides in weak rock masses: a case study from the Northern Apennines (Italy). Landslides 3(2):115–124
Cornforth DH (2005) Landslides in practice: investigation, analysis, and remedial/preventative options in soils. John Wiley, New York
Dowding CH, Pierce CE (1994) Use of time domain reflectometry to detect bridge scour and monitor pier movement. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Time Domain Reflectometry in Environmental, Infrastructure, and Mining Applications. U.S. Bureau of Mines, Evanston, Illinois. Sept: 7–9
Dowding CH, Su MB, O'Connor KM (1988) Principles of time domain reflectometometry applied to measurement of rock mass deformation. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 25(5):287–297
Dowding CH, Su MB, O’Connor KM (1989) Measurement of rock mass deformation with grouted coaxial antenna cables. Rock Mech Rock Eng 22(1):1–23
Dowding CH, Dussud ML, Kane WF, O’Connor KM (2003) Monitor deformation in rock and soil with TDR sensor cables. Geotechnical Instrumentation News, pp 51–59
Drusa M, Bulko R (2016) Rock slide monitoring by using TDR inclinometers. Civil Environ Eng 12(2):137–144
Federico A, Popescu M, Elia G, Fidelibus C, Internò G, Murianni A (2012) Prediction of time to slope failure: a general framework. Environ Earth Sci 66(1):245–256
Goodman RE (1989) Introduction to rock mechanics, Second edn. Wiley, New York
Green, GE, Mikkelsen, PE (1988) Deformation measurements with inclinometers. Transp Res Rec (1169)
Lin C (2014) Slope’s automatic monitoring and alarm system based on TDR technology. Civil Eng Urban Plan III:371
Mikkelsen PE (2003) Advances in inclinometer data analysis. In: Proc., 6th International Symposium on Field Measurements in Geomechanics, Oslo, Norway
O’Connor KM, Dowding CH (1999) Geomeasurements by pulsing TDR cables and probes. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Osasan KS, Afeni TB (2010) Review of surface mine slope monitoring techniques. J Min Sci 46(2):177–186
Shou KJ, Wang CF (2003) Analysis of the Chiufengershan landslide triggered by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan. Eng Geol 68(3–4):237–250
Su MB (1990) Fracture monitoring within concrete structure by time domain reflectometry. Eng Fract Mech 35(1/2/3):313–320
Su MB, Chen YJ (1998) Multiple reflection of metallic time domain reflectometry. Exp Tech 22(1):26–29
Su MB, Chen YJ (1999) MTDR monitoring systems for the integrity of infrastructures. J Intell Mater Syst Struct 10(3):242–247
Su MB, Chen YJ (2000) TDR monitoring for integrity of structural systems. J Infrastruct Syst 6(2):67–72
Su MB, Chen IH, Liao CH (2009) Using TDR cables and GPS for landslide monitoring in high mountain area. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 135(8):1113–1121
Tumer AK, Schuster LR (1996) Landslide: investigation and mitigation. Special report 247, chapter 11. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp 278–316
Yin Y, Wang H, Gao Y, Li X (2010) Real-time monitoring and early warning of landslides at relocated Wushan Town, the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Landslides 7(3):339–349
Acknowledgments
The consecutive projects, including long-term monitoring, are proposed and approved by the Technical Counseling Committee on the Project of Monitoring System Operation and Expansion for Potential Large Scale Landslide in Wanshan, Baoshan, Laiyi, Tengzhi Forest Road, and Jiufenershan Area. Furthermore, the performance evaluation of each project is periodically reviewed annually by the committee.
Funding
The field test presented in the research was made possible through the support and sponsorship of the Soil and Water Conservation Bureau (SWCB), Council of Agriculture (COA), Executive Yuan, Taiwan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ho, SC., Chen, IH., Lin, YS. et al. Slope deformation monitoring in the Jiufenershan landslide using time domain reflectometry technology. Landslides 16, 1141–1151 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01139-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01139-1