Abstract
Numerous studies of spring migration have discovered that environmental conditions experienced on the wintering grounds and/or during vernal migration itself can have “carry-over effects” altering timing or success of the subsequent breeding season. Few studies have evaluated whether breeding and pre-basic molt have carry-over effects on autumn migration. The aim of this study was to test the expectations that (1) at broad temporal scales carry-over effects from breeding and molt constrain migratory departure but that (2) at finer temporal scales local weather will further refine this decision. We monitored nests of Gambel’s white-crowned sparrows breeding in the low Arctic in Alaska over three years and used radio-telemetry to track autumn migratory departure. We found that reproductive timing and weather parameters, but not molt timing, contributed to variation in autumn departure from the breeding site. Birds that terminated parental care late in the summer departed from the breeding grounds late relative to other birds. Birds were more likely to leave on nights without precipitation, when barometric pressure was increasing, and when ground level south winds were prominent. We also observed that, on average, birds departed 2.5 h after sunset and shifted the hour of departure as sunset advanced over the migration season. Our findings, in conjunction with observations of migration from earlier studies, raise the possibility that global climate change may be delaying autumn migratory departure in Gambel’s white-crowned sparrows breeding in Alaska.
Zusammenfassung
Abzugszeitpunkt im Herbst ist bei einer arktischen Singvogelart durch Fortpflanzungszeitpunkt und Wetter beeinflusst
Zahlreiche Studien zum Frühjahrszug haben gezeigt, dass Umweltbedingungen, denen Vögel in ihren Überwinterungsgebieten und/oder während ihres Heimzuges ausgesetzt sind, Carry-Over-Effekte auf den Zeitpunkt und/oder den Erfolg der darauffolgenden Brutsaison haben. Wenige Studien haben untersucht, inwiefern Brut und Vollmauser (engl. pre-basic molt) Carry-Over-Effekte auf den Herbstzug zeigen. Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, folgende Erwartungen zu testen: (1) auf größeren Zeitskalen schränken die Carry-Over-Effekte von Brut und Mauser den Abzugszeitpunkt ein, während (2) auf kleineren Zeitskalen die Abzugsentscheidung zusätzlich von lokalen Wetterbedingungen geprägt wird. Wir kontrollierten über drei Jahre Nester der Dachsammer-Unterart Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii, die in der niederen Arktis in Alaska brütet, und nutzen Radiotelemetrie, um den Abzug im Herbst zu verfolgen. Wir fanden heraus, dass im Gegenteil zum Mauserzeitpunkt der Fortpflanzungszeitpunkt und die Wetterbedingungen zur Variation im Abzugszeitpunkt aus dem Brutgebiet im Herbst beitrugen. Vögel, die ihre elterliche Fürsorge spät im Sommer beendeten, zogen im Verhältnis zu anderen Vögeln relativ spät aus den Brutgebieten ab. Vögel flogen eher in Nächten ohne Niederschlag ab, wenn der Luftdruck zunahm und Südwinde in Bodennähe stärker wurden. Weiterhin konnten wir beobachten, dass die Vögel im Durchschnitt 2,5 Stunden nach Sonnenuntergang abzogen und dass der Abzugszeitpunkt mit dem fortschreitenden Sonnenuntergang im Laufe der Zugsaison verschoben wurde. In Verbindung mit den Zugbeobachtungen von bisherigen Studien werfen unsere Ergebnisse die Möglichkeit auf, dass der globale Klimawandel dazu führen könnte, dass sich der Abzugszeitpunkt im Herbst bei der in Alaska brütenden Dachsammer-Unterart verschiebt.
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Acknowledgements
Seth Beaudreault, Jeffrey Cheah, Chris Cook, Glenn Helkenn, Alan Krakauer, Josh LaFontane, Michaela Mcguigan, Adeline Murthy, Caroline Newell, Molly Timm, Jeb Timm, and Brie Van Dam helped install telemetry equipment and/or track birds. Zoltán Németh provided useful conversation during early stages of this project. Loren Buck and Cory Williams loaned telemetry equipment and provided technical assistance. Thomas Hahn and Louie Yang provided feedback on an early draft of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by several sources including: the UC Davis Richard G. Coss Wildlife Research Award (HC), ARCS Scholarship (HC), National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship #1148897 (HC and JP), National Science Foundation ARC 0909133 (JCW) and National Science Foundation ARC 1147289 (MR). Meteorological datasets from the Toolik Field Station Environmental Data Center were supported by National Science Foundation Grants #55541 and #1048361.
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Work was done in accordance with UC Davis IACUC protocol #18136, Alaska State Fish and Game Permits (14-124, 15-070, and 16-038), and USGS Bird Banding Lab Permit # 21535.
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Communicated by N. Chernetsov.
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Chmura, H.E., Krause, J.S., Pérez, J.H. et al. Autumn migratory departure is influenced by reproductive timing and weather in an Arctic passerine. J Ornithol 161, 779–791 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-020-01754-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-020-01754-z