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Unpredictable susceptibility of emerging clinical moulds to tri-azoles: review of the literature and upcoming challenges for mould identification

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Abstract

Tri-azoles represent the front-line drugs for the treatment of mould diseases; nevertheless, some emerging moulds, such as Fusarium spp., Scedosporium spp., Mucorales and others, may be less susceptible or resistant to these antifungals. A review of the literature was conducted on the susceptibility of rare moulds to the tri-azoles itraconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole. Particular attention was paid to isolates identified by molecular analyses. The range of susceptibility values described for the three tri-azoles was frequently large (from 0.06 to >16), and a high variability was found within each species; isolates were rarely reported as entirely susceptible to all tri-azoles. In addition, the susceptibility of 76 emerging moulds from our collection (including Hypocreales, Dothideomycetes, Scedosporium spp., Mucorales and rare Aspergillus spp.) to itraconazole and voriconazole was determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M38-A2 and European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) methods. Susceptibility discrepancies (of two dilutions) were found comparing CLSI and EUCAST for Dothideomycetes; the values for the remaining moulds were similar. More practical, faster and inexpensive susceptibility tools are welcome for testing emerging moulds, as these tests still represent a critical tool to support clinicians on the selection of proper antifungal treatment. The susceptibility of emerging moulds to tri-azoles cannot be predicted exclusively following mould identification, as the isolates’ susceptibilities showed highly variable values. Some emerging moulds still remain very difficult to identity, even following standard molecular analyses which result in complex fungal collections. This fact limits the definition of epidemiological cut-offs and clinical breakpoints that are still imperative for emerging moulds.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Pfizer Inc. (grant no. IIR#WS1948668). RA was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) Ciência 2007 and by the European Social Fund. MO received a research fellowship from FCT (SFRH/BPD/66071/2009). IPATIMUP and INEB are associate laboratories of the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education and are partially supported by FCT. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors have no financial relationship with the organisation that sponsored the research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal

    R. Araujo, M. Oliveira & A. Amorim

  2. Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal

    M. Oliveira & A. Amorim

  3. Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal

    B. Sampaio-Maia

  4. Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

    R. Araujo, M. Oliveira, A. Amorim & B. Sampaio-Maia

  5. INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal

    B. Sampaio-Maia

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Araujo, R., Oliveira, M., Amorim, A. et al. Unpredictable susceptibility of emerging clinical moulds to tri-azoles: review of the literature and upcoming challenges for mould identification. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 34, 1289–1301 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-015-2374-1

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