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Review: Some low-frequency electrical methods for subsurface characterization and monitoring in hydrogeology

Revue: Méthodes électriques basses-fréquences et leurs applications à la caractérisation du sous-sol et au suivi hydrogéologique

Revisión: Algunos métodos eléctricos de baja frecuencia para la caracterización subsuperficial y el monitoreo en hidrogeología

综述:水文地质学中针对地下特征描述和监测的若干低频电方法

Revisão: Alguns métodos elétricos de baixa frequência para a caraterização da subsuperfície e monitorização em hidrogeologia

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Abstract

Low-frequency geoelectrical methods include mainly self-potential, resistivity, and induced polarization techniques, which have potential in many environmental and hydrogeological applications. They provide complementary information to each other and to in-situ measurements. The self-potential method is a passive measurement of the electrical response associated with the in-situ generation of electrical current due to the flow of pore water in porous media, a salinity gradient, and/or the concentration of redox-active species. Under some conditions, this method can be used to visualize groundwater flow, to determine permeability, and to detect preferential flow paths. Electrical resistivity is dependent on the water content, the temperature, the salinity of the pore water, and the clay content and mineralogy. Time-lapse resistivity can be used to assess the permeability and dispersivity distributions and to monitor contaminant plumes. Induced polarization characterizes the ability of rocks to reversibly store electrical energy. It can be used to image permeability and to monitor chemistry of the pore water–minerals interface. These geophysical methods, reviewed in this paper, should always be used in concert with additional in-situ measurements (e.g. in-situ pumping tests, chemical measurements of the pore water), for instance through joint inversion schemes, which is an area of fertile on-going research.

Résumé

Les méthodes géoélectriques basses-fréquences incluent principalement la méthode de potentiel spontané, la résistivité, et la polarisation provoquée. Ces méthodes ont de nombreuses applications environnementales et hydrogéologiques. Elles fournissent des informations complémentaires les unes vis-à-vis des autres ainsi que vis-à-vis des mesures in situ. La méthode de potentiel spontané est une mesure passive de la réponse électrique associée à l’existence d’un courant in situ, lequel est lié soit à l’écoulement de l’eau dans un milieu poreux, à un gradient de salinité, et/ou à un gradient de concentrations d’espèces redox ioniques. Sous certaines conditions, cette méthode peut être utilisée pour visualiser l’écoulement de l’eau dans le sous-sol, pour déterminer la perméabilité, ou pour détecter des chemins d’écoulement préférentiels. La résistivité électrique dépend du contenu en eau des roches, de la température, de la salinité de l’eau porale, du contenu en argile ainsi que de la minéralogie de la phase argileuse. Le monitoring de la résistivité électrique peut être utilisé pour avoir accès à la perméabilité ainsi qu’à la dispersivité hydrodynamique et peut être utilisé pour le suivi de panaches de contamination. La polarisation provoquée caractérise la capacité des roches à stocker de manière réversible de l’énergie électrique. Cette méthode peut être utilisée pour déterminer la perméabilité et pour suivre dans le temps la chimie de l’interface eau/minéraux. Ces méthodes géophysiques, dont la synthèse est faite dans cet article, devraient toujours être associées à des mesures in situ (e.g., tests de pompage, mesures chimiques de l’eau porale), à travers des schémas d’inversion jointe, ce qui correspond à un domaine de recherche très actif.

Resumen

Los métodos geoeléctricos de baja frecuencia incluyen principalmente potencial espontáneo, resistividad, y técnicas de polarización inducida, las cuales que tienen potencialidad en muchas aplicaciones hidrogeológicas y ambientales. Ellos proporcionan información complementaria recíprocamente y a las mediciones in situ. El método de potencial espontáneo es una medida pasiva de la respuesta eléctrica asociada con la generación in situ de corrientes eléctricas debido a flujo de agua poral en un medio poroso, un gradiente de salinidad, y/o la concentración de especies redox activas. Bajo ciertas condiciones, este método puede ser usado para visualizar el flujo de agua subterránea, determinar la permeabilidad, y detectar trayectorias preferenciales en el flujo. La resistividad eléctrica depende del contenido de agua, de la temperatura, de la salinidad de agua poral, y el contenido y mineralogía de las arcillas. La resistividad en función del tiempo puede ser usada para evaluar a las distribuciones de permeabilidad y dispersividad y monitorear plumas de contaminación. La polarización inducida caracteriza la habilidad de las rocas para almacenar energía eléctrica reversiblemente. Ello puede ser usado para dar una imagen de la permeabilidad y para el monitoreo químico de la interfase agua poral - minerales. Estos métodos geofísicos, revisados en este trabajo, deben ser siempre usados en combinación con otras mediciones in situ (por ejemplo, ensayos de bombeo in situ, mediciones químicas del agua poral), por ejemplo a través de esquemas de inversión conjunta, que es un área de investigación fértil y activa.

摘要

低频地电方法主要包括自然电位、电阻率以及激发极化技术,它们在许多环境和水文地质的应用中均有潜力。这些方法互相间提供补充信息,同样也给原位测试提供信息。自然电位方法是电反应的一个消极测量方法,该电反应与电流的原位生成相关,而电流的原位生成是因为多孔介质中水的流动,盐度梯度的存在,以及(或)氧化还原活性物种的聚集。在某些情况下,该方法可用于可视化地下水流动,确定渗透率和查明优先流路径。电阻率取决于含水率、温度、孔隙水的盐度以及粘土含量和矿物。延时电阻可以用于估算渗透率和分散性分布,以及检测污染晕。激发极化法刻画了延时可逆的储存电能的能力。它可以用于描绘渗透率以及检测孔隙水-矿物分界面的化学特征。本文综述了这些地球物理学方法,且应该一直用于与原位测试(如原位抽水试验、孔隙水的化学测试)的协同作用,例如通过联合转换方案,这是一个正在进行的内容丰富的研究领域。

Resumo

Métodos geoelétricos de baixa-frequência incluem principalmente o potencial espontâneo, a resistividade e métodos de polarização induzida, os quais apresentam potencial em muitas aplicações ambientais e hidrogeológicas. Esses métodos providenciam informação complementar uns em relação aos outros e em relação a medições in situ. O método do potencial espontâneo é uma medição passiva da resposta elétrica associada com a geração in situ de corrente elétrica devido ao fluxo de água nos poros em meios porosos, ao gradiente de salinidade e/ou à concentração de espécies redox activas. Sob certas condições, este método pode ser usado para visualizar o fluxo de água subterrânea, para determinar a permeabilidade e para detetar caminhos de fluxo preferencial. A resistividade elétrica está dependente do conteúdo em água, da temperatura, da salinidade da água nos poros, do conteúdo em argila e da mineralogia. A resistividade de lapso de tempo pode ser usada para avaliar a distribuição da permeabilidade e dispersividade e para monitorizar plumas contaminantes. A polarização induzida carateriza a capacidade das rochas para armazenar energia elétrica de forma reversível. Pode ser usada para criar uma imagem da permeabilidade e para monitorizar o quimismo da interface água-minerais nos poros. Os métodos geofísicos, revistos neste documento, devem sempre ser usados em conjunto com medições adicionais in situ (eg. ensaios de caudal in situ, dados químicos da água dos poros), por exemplo através de esquemas de inversão conjunta, que é uma área de pesquisa atual muito fértil.

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Acknowledgements

We thank NSF for funding the SmartGeo Educational Program (Project IGERT: Intelligent Geosystems; DGE-0801692) and EPA (D. Werkema) for funding M. Karaoulis. We thank A. Flores Orozco and K. H. Williams for sharing Fig. 23 with us and M. Nabighian for bringing to our attention key references about early works. K. Singha, L. Slater, and two anonymous referees are thanked for their careful and very useful reviews of this manuscript.

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  1. Colorado School of Mines, Department of Geophysics, Green Center, 1500 Illinois Street, 80401, Golden, CO, USA

    A. Revil & M. Karaoulis

  2. LGIT, UMR 5559, CNRS, Equipe Volcan, Université de Savoie, 73376, Le Bourget-du-lac Cedex, France

    A. Revil

  3. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA

    T. Johnson

  4. Department of Geodynamics and Geophysics, University of Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115, Bonn, Germany

    A. Kemna

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  1. A. Revil
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Correspondence to A. Revil.

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Revil, A., Karaoulis, M., Johnson, T. et al. Review: Some low-frequency electrical methods for subsurface characterization and monitoring in hydrogeology. Hydrogeol J 20, 617–658 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0819-x

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