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Effect of the resorcinol/catalyst ratio in the capacitive performance of carbon xerogels with potential use in sodium chloride removal from saline water

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Abstract

Carbon xerogels were prepared by the resorcinol–formaldehyde method as potential electrodes for the electroadsorption of sodium chloride from aqueous solution. This work evidences the relevance of the resorcinol-to-catalyst (R/C) ratio employed during the synthesis in the capacitive properties of these carbon xerogels. Raman spectra revealed a significant increase of the structural ordering from R/C = 355 to 480, while an opposite trend was detected for R/C = 500. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed an increase in the contribution of hydroxyl groups for those xerogels with a less ordered structure. Similarly, surface area and micropore volume showed a maximum for R/C = 480. The textural changes fairly matched with capacitance values recorded by cyclic voltammetry. Thus, a value as high as 89 F g−1 was recorded for R/C = 480, which was confirmed by a higher electrosorption capacity of 0.1 mmol of NaCl g−1 as compared to only 0.087 and 0.07 mmol g−1 for R/C = 355 and 500, respectively. Also, a low internal resistance was determined for CXG480, revealing the optimized properties achieved for the xerogel with intermediate resorcinol/catalyst ratio.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to the MICINN (Contract IPT-2011-1450-310000 (ADECAR)) and Junta de Andalucía (Research group FQM-288) for the financial support. We also thank the fruitful collaboration of Isolux Ingeniería, S.A., Fundación Imdea Energía and Proingesa.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Córdoba, Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Córdoba, Spain

    M. C. Zafra, P. Lavela & J. L. Tirado

  2. Nanoquimia S.L., PCT Rabanales 21, Edf. Aldebarán M.4.7, 14014, Córdoba, Spain

    G. Rasines & C. Macías

Authors
  1. M. C. Zafra
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  2. P. Lavela
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  3. G. Rasines
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  4. C. Macías
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  5. J. L. Tirado
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Correspondence to P. Lavela.

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Zafra, M.C., Lavela, P., Rasines, G. et al. Effect of the resorcinol/catalyst ratio in the capacitive performance of carbon xerogels with potential use in sodium chloride removal from saline water. J Solid State Electrochem 18, 2847–2856 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-014-2548-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-014-2548-2

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