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Surfactant assisted-SnO2 nanorods and nanoflowers synthesised by hydrothermal method for supercapacitor applications

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Abstract

In this article, using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHP) as a surfactant solution, tetragonal SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesised using the hydrothermal technique. NPs resulting from this process are named Sn-SHP and Sn-PVA.X-ray diffraction study revealed tetragonal crystal structure for both Sn-SHP and Sn-PVA nanoparticles, matching well with the JCPDS Card No. 88-0287. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed rod-shaped Sn-SHP NPs, whereas Sn-PVA NPs have flower-like forms. A band gap energy of 3.71 and 3.84 eV was measured for the Sn-SHP and the Sn-PVA nanoparticles. The various oxidation states of SnO2 were confirmed by XPS spectra in order to confirm its oxidation states. The electrodes were analysed by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD), and electrochemical ion spectroscopy (EIS) in 6 M KOH electrolytes. For Sn-PVA electrodes, the computed specific capacitance (Cs) values are 330.52, 71.25, 27.34, and 18.85 Fg−1 at scan rates of 2, 10, 30, and 50 mVs−1; whereas for Sn-SHP electrodes, the obtained values are 256.24, 55.46, 21.04, and 14.45 Fg−1 at scan rates of 2, 10, 30, and 50 mVs−1. Additionally, from the GCD curves demonstrate that the Sn-PVA electrode has Cs of 126, 98, 81, and 71 Fg−1, and Sn-SHP electrodes revealed Cs of 75.65, 66.44, 48.69, and 25.97 Fg−1 at current density of 1, 2, 4, and 6 Ag−1, respectively. Galvanostatic charge–discharge curves for Sn-SHP and Sn-PVA NPs were traced in a potential window ranging from 0.03 to 0.4 V, and it was ascertained that Sn-PVA with flower shaped nanoparticles retains Sc of 126 Fg−1 at current density of 1 Ag−1, making it potential candidate for supercapacitor applications.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to Researchers Supporting Project Number RSPD2024R993, at King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, for the financial support.

Funding

This work has been financially supported by Research Supporting Project Number RSPD2024R993 at King Saud University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, 608002, India

    Nazir Ahmad Mala

  2. Department of Humanities and Sciences, Guru Nanak Institutions, Technical Campus, Ibrahimpatnam Telangana, Hyderabad, 501506, India

    Mehraj ud Din Rather

  3. Department of Physics, Central University of Kashmir, Tulmulla Ganderbal, 191131, India

    Raja Nisar Ali

  4. College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box-2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Khalid Mujasam Batoo

  5. Graphene Research Institute and Institute of Nano and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea

    Sajjad Hussain

  6. Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Khalifa University, 12788, Abu Dhabi, UAE

    Zubair Ahmad & Imad Barsoum

  7. Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems, King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

    Md. Yasir Bhat

  8. Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, P.O. Box-2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Ahmed Ibrahim

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Contributions

Dr. N A Mala and Dr. M D Rather contributed to methodology, validation, conceptualization, formal analysis, visualization, writing of the original draft, and writing, reviewing, & editing of the manuscript; Dr. RNA, Dr. KMB, Dr. SH, Dr. ZA, Dr. Md. YB Dr. IB and Dr. AI contributed to formal analysis, reviewing, & editing of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Nazir Ahmad Mala.

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Mala, N.A., Rather, M.u.D., Ali, R.N. et al. Surfactant assisted-SnO2 nanorods and nanoflowers synthesised by hydrothermal method for supercapacitor applications. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 35, 774 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-024-12531-6

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