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Sex differences in the relationship between brain gray matter volume and psychological resilience in late adolescence

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Abstract

Psychological resilience reflects an individual’s ability to adapt and cope successfully in adverse environments and situations, making it a crucial trait in resisting stress-linked mental disorders and physical diseases. Although prior literature has consistently shown that males are more resilient than females, the sex-linked neuroanatomical correlates of psychological resilience are largely unknown. This study aims to explore the sex-specific relation between psychological resilience and brain gray matter volume (GMV) in adolescents via structural magnetic resonance imaging (s-MRI). A cohort of 231 healthy adolescents (121/110 females/males), aged 16 to 20 completed brain s-MRI scanning and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and other controlling behavioral tests. With s-MRI data, an optimized voxel-based morphometry method was used to estimate regional GMV, and a whole-brain condition-by-covariate interaction analysis was performed to identify the brain regions showing sex effects on the relation between psychological resilience and GMV. Male adolescents scored significantly higher than females on the CD-RISC. The association of psychological resilience with GMV differed between the two sex groups in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex extending to the adjacent anterior insula, with a positive correlation among males and a negative correlation among females. The sex-specific association between psychological resilience and GMV might be linked to sex differences in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and brain maturation during adolescence. This study may be novel in revealing the sex-linked neuroanatomical basis of psychological resilience, highlighting the need for a more thorough investigation of the role of sex in future studies of psychological resilience and stress-related illness.

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Data availability

The data and code that support the findings of present study are available from the corresponding author through reasonable request. The data and code sharing adopted by the authors comply with the requirements of the funding institute and with institutional ethics approval.

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Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31800963, 81621003, 81761128023, 81820108018 and 82027808), the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFC2009900), and the Key Research and Development Program of Sichuan Province (Grant No. 2023YFS0084). The funding sources had no involvement in the study design, data collection and analysis, results interpretation, or writing of the paper.

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Author notes

  1. Nanfang Pan and Cheng Yang have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Nanfang Pan, Cheng Yang, Xueling Suo, Qiyong Gong & Song Wang

  2. Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China

    Cheng Yang, Xueling Suo & Song Wang

  3. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Nanfang Pan, Aniruddha Shekara & Samantha Hu

  4. Department of Radiology, West China Xiamen Hospital of Sichuan University, Xiamen, China

    Qiyong Gong

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  1. Nanfang Pan
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Contributions

SW and QG designed the study and supervised the conduct of the study. NP, CY, XS, and SW contributed to the data collection. NP and CY performed the data analysis and results interpretation. NP and SW drafted the manuscript. AS and SH provided interpretive advice and critically revised the manuscript, which all authors reviewed and approved for publication.

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Correspondence to Qiyong Gong or Song Wang.

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The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008.

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Pan, N., Yang, C., Suo, X. et al. Sex differences in the relationship between brain gray matter volume and psychological resilience in late adolescence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33, 1057–1066 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-023-02231-7

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