Abstract
Past geological and climatic changes have promoted shifts in both intraspecific differentiation and distribution ranges for many desert plants, though little is known about the effects of these changes specifically on spring ephemerals in Northwest China. In the present study, we aimed to survey the population structure and phylogeographic history of an endemic spring ephemeral species, Ixiolirion songaricum P. Yan in Northwest China. We sequenced the nITS and two ptDNA fragments (psbB–psbH and ycf6–psbM) for 265 individuals from 15 populations across the entire range. Eight nITS ribotypes and eleven plastid chlorotypes were identified, with three of them dominant. A significant phylogeographic structure was detected for the species in which two larger, distinct phylogeographic lineages were identified. A high proportion of the total genetic variation existed between populations and between the two lineages. The species had undergone a sudden range expansion in the late Quaternary, which might have been driven by an interglacial warm, humid climate following the largest Pleistocene glaciation period in Northwest China. The ecological niche modeling suggested the species experienced continuous shrinkage of potential range since the last interglacial, which is distinct from other desert plants. Overall, our results indicated that climate change associated with the Quaternary greatly promoted differentiation of I. songaricum. The shift in population distribution was likely driven by increasing aridity in Xinjiang during the Quaternary.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Hongxiang Zhang and Zhibin Wen at Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences for their review and comments on the manuscript. We would also like to thank Elizabeth Tokarz at the Yale University for her assistance with English language and grammatical editing of the manuscript. This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31500309, 31560131) and the Scientific Research Fund for Doctors of Xinjiang University (BS150259).
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Online resource 1. Detailed sample locations of 15 Ixiolirion songaricum populations.
Online resource 2. Sequence polymorphisms detected in nITS regions identifying 8 ribotypes.
Online resource 3. Sequence polymorphisms detected in ptDNA regions identifying 11 chlorotypes.
Online resource 4. Bayesian phylogenetic relationship and age estimation of ribotypes of Ixiolirion songaricum using nITS sequences. Nodes indicate mean age estimates and 95% confidence intervals (light blue bars). The posterior probabilities were indicated below branches. Node a was used as calibration point for the estimates of divergence analysis. The scale bar represents million years ago (Mya).
Online resource 5. Bayesian phylogenetic tree constructed by ptDNA matK sequences showing the sister relationship of Ixiolirion songaricum and Ixiolirion tataricum. The posterior probabilities were indicated below branches. Nodes indicate mean age estimates and 95% confidence intervals (light blue bars). Node a was used as calibration point for the estimates of divergence time of I. songaricum and I. tataricum. The scale bar represents million years ago (Mya).
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Li, Y., Zhang, XN. & Lv, GH. Phylogeography of Ixiolirion songaricum, a spring ephemeral species endemic to Northwest China. Plant Syst Evol 305, 205–221 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-018-1563-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-018-1563-7