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Ectomycorrhizal fungi of exotic pine plantations in relation to native host trees in Iran: evidence of host range expansion by local symbionts to distantly related host taxa

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Abstract

Introduction of exotic plants change soil microbial communities which may have detrimental ecological consequences for ecosystems. In this study, we examined the community structure and species richness of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi associated with exotic pine plantations in relation to adjacent native ectomycorrhizal trees in Iran to elucidate the symbiont exchange between distantly related hosts, i.e. Fagales (Fagaceae and Betulaceae) and Pinaceae. The combination of morphological and molecular identification approaches revealed that 84.6 % of species with more than one occurrence (at least once on pines) were shared with native trees and only 5.9 % were found exclusively on pine root tips. The community diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the pine plantations adjacent to native EcM trees was comparable to their adjacent native trees, but the isolated plantations hosted relatively a species-poor community. Specific mycobionts of conifers were dominant in the isolated plantation while rarely found in the plantations adjacent to native EcM trees. These data demonstrate the importance of habitat isolation and dispersal limitation of EcM fungi in their potential of host range expansion. The great number of shared and possibly compatible symbiotic species between exotic Pinaceae and local Fagales (Fagaceae and Betulaceae) may reflect their evolutionary adaptations and/or ancestral compatibility with one another.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Amin Fatahi, Hamed Shoubi, Javad Vanaei and Farhad Maleki for their help during field trips to Iran; Margit Nõukas for assisting in the laboratory; and Vilmar Veldre, Sergei Põlme, Steven Wright and Kessy Abarenkov for useful discussions. We would also like to thank Randy Molina (the editor) and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions and comments on the manuscript. We are grateful to Baba Khanjani Shiraz, Mehdi Kala Daliri, Khosro Sagheb-Talebi and the Office of Forest and Rangelands in Sari (Iran) for providing information on the plantations. This study was funded by the ESF grants 7434, 8235, RVO 67985939, Doctoral Studies and Internationalization Programme DoRa and FIBIR.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Tartu University, 40 Lai, 51005, Tartu, Estonia

    Mohammad Bahram, Urmas Kõljalg, Petr Kohout & Leho Tedersoo

  2. Natural History Museum, Tartu University, 40 Lai, 51005, Tartu, Estonia

    Urmas Kõljalg & Leho Tedersoo

  3. Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany, ASCR, 25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic

    Petr Kohout

  4. Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran

    Shahab Mirshahvaladi

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  1. Mohammad Bahram
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Correspondence to Mohammad Bahram.

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Table S1

List of ectomycorrhizal fungal species in ecotone, native vegetation and exotic plantations (1, presence; 0, absence) (DOC 256 kb)

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Bahram, M., Kõljalg, U., Kohout, P. et al. Ectomycorrhizal fungi of exotic pine plantations in relation to native host trees in Iran: evidence of host range expansion by local symbionts to distantly related host taxa. Mycorrhiza 23, 11–19 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-012-0445-z

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