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Seasonal variability in the effect of temperature on key phenological stages of four table grapes cultivars

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Abstract

Progressive warming of the grape growing regions has reduced the land capability for sustainable grapevine production and the geographical distribution of grapes. Bud burst, blooming, berry set, veraison, and harvest are the key phenological stages of grapevine, and are crucial for managing vineyard activities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of seasonal temperature variability on the timing of key phenological stages of table grape cultivars in a new emerging viticulture region, i.e., the Pothwar region of Pakistan. Phenological stages of four table grape cultivars were recorded during two consecutive growing seasons at two locations. All phenological stages were attained earlier for the relatively warmer location, i.e., Chakwal. Similarly, the length of the growing season from bud burst to harvest was 15 to 21 days longer for the 2020 growing season than for the 2019 growing season, which corresponds to the inter-annual temperature variability. Moreover, the grapevine cultivars showed a distinct response for each growth phase; cv. Perlette matured earlier while cv. NARC Black was the last to ripen. Despite the large variability in the length of the active growing period from bud burst to harvest, accumulated growing degree days (GDD) varied only in a narrow range, i.e., 1510–1557 for cv. Perlette, 1641–1683 for cv. King’s Ruby, 1744–1770 for cv. Sugraone, and 1869–1906 for cv. NARC Black. This implies that seasonal temperature variability using GDD is a better indicator for the phenology of table grape cultivars compared to regular time. It is clear from the results from this study that the variation in phenological responses of table grape cultivars due to temperature differences necessitates genotype and site-specific vineyard management.

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Acknowledgements

The first author would like to recognize the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan for awarding the HEC indigenous PhD fellowship (2AG4-029) and IRSIP (46-Agri 11) award to support his fellowship at the University of Florida, USA. The authors also acknowledge the Barani Agriculture Research Institute Chakwal and Raja Yasir Grapes Farms Barakahu, Islamabad, for allowing the use of their vineyards for experimentation, and the Soil & Water Conservation Research Institute Chakwal, National Agriculture Research Centre Islamabad, and Pakistan Meteorological Department Pakistan for providing access to weather data. Finally, the first author also acknowledges the Agriculture Department, Govt. of Punjab for granting his study leave.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Horticulture, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Rizwan Rafique, Touqeer Ahmad & Muhammad Azam Khan

  2. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Rizwan Rafique & Gerrit Hoogenboom

  3. National Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Touqeer Ahmad

  4. Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Mukhtar Ahmed

  5. Independent Scholar, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Carol J. Wilkerson

  6. Global Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Gerrit Hoogenboom

Authors
  1. Rizwan Rafique
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  2. Touqeer Ahmad
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  3. Mukhtar Ahmed
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  4. Muhammad Azam Khan
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  5. Carol J. Wilkerson
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  6. Gerrit Hoogenboom
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Contributions

All authors contributed equally to the conceptualization of this study.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rizwan Rafique.

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Rafique, R., Ahmad, T., Ahmed, M. et al. Seasonal variability in the effect of temperature on key phenological stages of four table grapes cultivars. Int J Biometeorol 67, 745–759 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-023-02452-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-023-02452-0

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