Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluating of Wine Grapes Phenology by Using Different Climatic Indices, Grown in Black Sea Region, Turkey

Bewertung der Phänologie von Weintrauben unter Verwendung verschiedener Klimaindizes, angebaut in der Schwarzmeerregion, Türkei

  • Original Article / Originalbeitrag
  • Published:
Erwerbs-Obstbau Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Anatolia is one of the most important main gene centers of V. vinifera grapes in the world. Although The Black Sea Region has a fairly wide geographic area in Turkey, the European grapes are the least grown in this region except for V. labrusca grapes. Because of the having heavy rainfall in both spring and autumn of the region, when combined with insufficient sunshine during the vegetation period, V. vinifera cultivars are not be grown economically in this humid northern area. Samsun city is settled in the Black Sea region, and has two important agricultural plains. Although Samsun settled in this humid region, it has the least rainfall compared to other coastal provinces towards the Eastern Black Sea Region. In this study, the adaptation of some wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) in Samsun conditions is evaluated by examining the phenology and ripening characteristics of ‘Merlot’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Syrah’, ‘Ugni Blanc’, ‘Kalecik Karası’, ‘Muscat’ and ‘Chardonnay’grapes from 2014 to 2016. Some different climatic indices were used to assess the potential of wine grape cultivars grown in this region. In the study, grapes were evaluated whether will grow or not suitable in this location by using Winkler Index (WI), Huglin Index (HI), Branas Heliothermic Index (BHI), and Hydrothermic Index (Hyl). When the climatic indices evaluated according to long term climate records; Huglin index 1983; Winkler index 1848; Branas Hyl 3991, and Heliothermic index were found as 3.5 oC. According to average values of 2014, 2015, and 2016 years; the Huglin index 2290; Winkler index 2132; Branas Hyl index 5198, and Heliothermic index was determined as 3.8 oC. The phenological investigations and the evaluated climatic records showed that the research area is very favorable to grow wine grapes. According to Hyl results, moderate fungal disease risk might be considered for the central coastal area of the Samsun region.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amerine MA, Winkler AJ (1944) Composition and quality of musts and wines of California grapes. Hilgardia 15:493–675

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bahar E, Korkutal İ, Öner H (2018) Bağcılıkta Terroir Unsurları. Bahçe 47:57–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker NJ (1977) The influence of geographical and topographical factors on the quality of the grape crop. In: Proceedings of the OIV symposium on quality of the vintage. Oenological and viticulture research institute, Capetown, pp 169–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker N, Zimmermann H (1984) Influence de divers apports d’eau sur des vignes en pots, sur la maturation des sarments, le développement des baies et la qualité du vin. Bull OIV 57:584–596

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanco-Ward D, Queijeiro JG, Jones GV (2007) Spatial climate variability and viticulture in the Miño River Valley of Spain. Vitis 46:63–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Bois B, Wald L, Pieri P, Van Leeuwen C, Commagnac L, Chery P, Christen M, Gaudillère JP, Saur E (2008) Estimating spatial and temporal variations in solar radiation within Bordeaux winegrowing region using remotely sensed data. J Int Sci Vigne Vin 42:15–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Branas J (1974) Viticulture. Déhan, Montpellier

    Google Scholar 

  • Branas J, Bernon G, Levadoux L (1946) Eléments de viticulture générale. Dehan, Montpellier

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown MV, Moore JN, McNew RW, Fenn P (1999) Inheritance of downy mildew resistance in table grapes. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 124:262–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Çağlak S, Özlü T, Toy S (2019) İklim Verilerinin Deniz Etkisi Altında Kentsel Kırsal Farklılığı, Samsun Kenti Örneği. Iğdır Üniv Fen Bilim Enst Derg 9:330–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Candemir F, Özdemir N (2010) Samsun province land resources and soil problems. Anadolu J Agric Sci 25:223–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Cangi R (1999) Research to determine the ampelographic characteristics of grape varieties grown in Ordu. In: IIIrd National Horticultural Congress Ankara, Turkey, 14–17 September (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cangi R, Çelik H, Köse B (2006) Determination of ampelographic characters of some natural foxy grape (Vitis labrusca L.) types grown in Northern Turkey (Ordu and Giresun Province). Int J Bot 2:171–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Çelik S (2007) Bağcılık (Ampeloloji), 2nd edn. Avcı Ofset, İstanbul, TR, p. 428

    Google Scholar 

  • Çelik H, Ağaoğlu YS, Fidan Y, Marasalı B, Söylemezoğlu G (1998) General viticulture. Sun Fidan, Ankara

    Google Scholar 

  • Çelik H, Köse B, Cangi R (2008) Determination of foxy grape genotypes (Vitis labrusca L.) grown in Northeastern Anatolia. Hortic Sci 4:162–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Çelik H, Odabaş F, Köse B, Cangi R (2009) Samsun’da yetişmekte olan İzabella (Vitis labrusca L.) üzüm tiplerinim ampelografik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. In: 7. Türkiye Bağcılık ve Teknolojileri Sempozyumu, pp 5–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Chevet JM, Lecocq S, Visser M (2011) Climate, grapevine phenology, wine production, and prices: Pauillac (1800–2009). Am Econ Rev 101:142–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dengiz O, Sarıoglu FE (2011) GIS analysis for topographic properties with some land properties and land use in Samsun province. Ege Üniv Ziraat Fak Derg 48:55–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Durmus E, Yigit A (2003) The fruit producing regions of Turkey. Fırat Univ J Soc Sci 13:23–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Falcao LD, Burin VM, Sidinei CE, Vieira HJ, Brighenti E, Rosier JP, Bordignon-Luiz MT (2010) Vineyard altitude and mesoclimate influences on the phenology and maturation of Cabernet-Sauvignon grapes from Santa Catarina State. J Int Sci Vigne Vin 44:135–150

    Google Scholar 

  • FAOSTAT (2019) Crop statistics. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Accessed: 25 Aug 2020

  • Fraga H, Malheiro AC, Moutinho-Pereira J, Santos JA (2013) Future scenarios for viticultural zoning in Europe: ensemble projections and uncertainties. Int J Biometeorol 57:909–925

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fraga H, Santos JA, Aureliano C, Malheiro JP (2012) Climate change projections for Portuguese viticulture using a multi-model ensemble. Ciênc Téc Vitiv 27:39–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Güler M (2013) Stream network creation and watershed definition by using digital elevation model for Samsun, Turkey. J Food Agric Environ 11:1315–1320

    Google Scholar 

  • Hidalgo L (2002) Tratado de viticultura general, 3rd edn. Mundi-Prensa Libros, Madrid

    Google Scholar 

  • Huglin P (1978) Nouveau mode d’évaluluation des possibilites héliothermiques d’un milieo viticole. In: Proceedings of the Symposium International sur l’ecologie de la Vigne. Ministére de l’Agriculture et de l’Industrie Alimentaire, Contanca, pp 89–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Huglin P (1986) Biologie et écologie de la vigne. Lavoisier, Paris, p 292

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter JJ, Bonnardot V (2011) Suitability of some climatic parameters for grapevine cultivation in South Africa, with focus on key physiological processes. S Afr J Enol Vitic 32:137–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Irimia LM (2012) Biology, ecology and physiology of the grapevine. Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Iaşi (in Romanian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Irimia L, Patriche CV, Quénol H (2013) Viticultural zoning: a comparative study regarding the accuracy of different approaches in vineyards’ climate suitability assessment. Cercet Agron Mold 46:95–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Irimia LM, Patriche CV, Quenol H (2014) Analysis of viticultural potential and deliniation of homogeneous viticultural zones in a temperate climate region of Romania. J Int Sci Vigne Vin 48(3):145–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Işık H (1993) Sofralık Üzüm Çeşitlerinin Seçimi ve Yetiştirilmesinde Önemli Biyoiklimsel Etmenler. In: TYUAP Bahçe Bitkileri Grubu ABAV Toplantısı, Bağcılık Konusunda Bildiriler. Manisa Bağcılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Manisa

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones GV (2006) Climate and terroir: impacts of climate variability and change on wine. In: Macqueen RW, Meinert LD (eds) Fine wine and terroir—the geoscience perspective. Geoscience Canada, Geological Association of Canada, St. John’s, pp 1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones GV, Davis RE (2000) Climate infuences on grapevine phenology, grape composition, and wine production and quality for Bordeaux, France. Am J Enol Vitic 51:249–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones G, Moriondo M, Bois B, Hall A, Duff A (2009) Analysis of the spatial climate structure in viticulture regions worlwide. Bull OIV 82:507–517

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones GV (2007) Climate change: observations, projections, and general implications for viticulture and wine production. In: Essick E, Griffin P, Keefer B, Miller S, Storchmann K (eds) Work Paper No 7, Economics department Whitman College, Whitman College, Walla Walla, p 1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Kök D (2020) Responses of grape quality characteristics of some table grape varieties (V. vinifera L.) grown in northwestern Turkey to heat summation index and latitude-temperature index. Erwerbs-Obstbau. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-020-00487-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Köse B (2014) Phenology and ripening of Vitis vinifera L. and Vitis labrusca L. varieties in the maritime climate of Samsun in Turkey’s Black Sea Region. SAJEV 35:90–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Laget F, Tondut JL, Deloire A, Kelly MT (2008) Climate trends in a specifc Mediterranean viticultural area between 1950 and 2006. J Int Sci Vigne Vin 42:113–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullins MG, Bouquet A, Williams LE (1992) Biology of the grapevine. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Nişancı A (1988) Climate features of the Black Sea region and different precincts. In: OMÜ Education Faculty, I. Throughout History of the Black Sea Congress Samsun, 13–17 October

    Google Scholar 

  • Nişancı A (2002) Basics of the climate of Turkey. In: Climatology Workshop İzmir, 11–13 April

    Google Scholar 

  • Oşlobeanu M, Macici M, Georgescu M, Stoian V (1991) Zoning of grape vine varieties in Romania. Ceres, Bucharest (in Romanian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Queijeiro J, Blanco D, Alvarez C (2006) Climatic zoning and viticulture in Galicia (North West Spain). In: Proceedings of the 6th International Terroir Congress Bordeaux-Montpellier, pp 34–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart R, Robinson M (2006) Sunlight into wine. A handbook for winegrape canopy management, 10th edn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Söylemezoğlu G, Atak A, Boz Y, Unal A, Saglam M (2016) Viticulture in Turkey. Chron Horticult 56:27–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Spellman G (1999) Wine, weather and climate. Weather 54:230–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sırlı BA, Peşkircioğlu M, Torunlar H, Özaydın K, Mermer A, Kader S, Tuğaç M, Aydoğmuş O, Emeklier Y, Yıldırım Y, Kodal S (2015) Determination of potential vineyard grapevine (Vitis spp.) cultivation areas of Turkey based on topographic and climatic factors by using geographic information systems (GIS) techniques. Tarla Bitk Merk Araşt Enst Derg 24:56–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Ţârdea C, Dejeu L (1994) Viticultura. Ed. Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti

    Google Scholar 

  • Tonietto J, Carbonneau A (2004) A multicriteria climatic classification system for grape-growing regions worldwide. Agric For Meteorol 124:81–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turan M, Dengiz O, Demirağ TI (2018) Determination of soil moisture and temperature regimes for Samsun province according to Newhall model. Turk J Agric Res 5:131–142

    Google Scholar 

  • TUİK (2019) Turkish Statistical Institute, Agricultural Fields. http://tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1001. Accessed 25 Aug 2020

  • Uysal T, Yaşasın AS (2017) Asma genetik kaynaklarımız ve Nevşehir ili üzüm çeşitleri. Nevşehir Bilim Teknol Derg 6:132–136 (Kapadokya Ulusal Bağcılık Çalıştayı Özel Sayı)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Schrier G, Horstink G, Tank AK, Van den Besselaar EJM (2012) A high resolution dataset for monitoring climate change effects on viticulture in Europe. In: IXth International Terroirs Congress Dijon (Burgundy) and Reims (Champagne), 25–29 June. vol 1 (Session 3–11)

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Leeuwen C, Garnier C, Agut C, Baculat B, Barbeau G, Besnard E, Bois B, Boursiquot JM, Chuine I, Dessup T, Dufourcq T, Garcia Cortazar I, Marguerit E, Monamy C, Koundouras S, Payan JC, Parker A, Renouf V, Rodriguez Lovelle B, Roby JP, Tonietto J, Trambouze W (2008) Heat requirements for grapevine varieties is essential information to adapt plant material in a changing climate. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Terroir Congress Changins, Switzerland, pp 222–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Wan Y, Schwaninger H, He P, Wang Y (2007) Comparison of resistance to powdery mildew and downy mildew in Chinese wild grapes. Vitis 46:132–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkler AJ, Cook JA, Kliewer WM, Lider LA (1974) General viticulture. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeybek HI, Bağcı HR, Bahadır M (2018) Assessment of coastline changes according to Bruun rule in Kızılırmak Delta. J Int Soc Res 11:308–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zorer R, Rocchini D, Delucchi L, Zottele F, Meggio F, Neteler M (2011) Use of multi-annual modis land surface temperature data for the characterization of the heat requirements for grapevine varieties. In: Analysis of Multi-temporal Remote Sensing Images (Multi-Temp), 6th International Workshop 12–14 July, pp 225–228

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Agricultural Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey

    Bülent Köse

Authors
  1. Bülent Köse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bülent Köse.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

B. Köse declares that he has no competing interests.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Köse, B. Evaluating of Wine Grapes Phenology by Using Different Climatic Indices, Grown in Black Sea Region, Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau 63 (Suppl 1), 77–88 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-021-00584-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-021-00584-4

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter

Search

Navigation