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Therapie postoperativer Schmerzen in Deutschland

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Postoperative pain therapy in Germany

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Zusammenfassung

In der Therapie postoperativer Schmerzen hat es in den vergangenen 20 Jahren bedeutende Fortschritte gegeben. Angefangen bei klinischen Studien zur Effektivität einzelner Verfahren wie der Epiduralanalgesie und der patientenkontrollierten Analgesie hat sich ein breites Feld der Versorgungsforschung ebenso etabliert wie die Grundlagenforschung im tier- und humanexperimentellen Bereich. Während sich die Versorgungsforschung der 1980er- und 1990er-Jahre eher mit der Etablierung von Akutschmerzdiensten beschäftigte, stehen heute ergebnisorientierte Forschungsansätze im Mittelpunkt. Hervorzuheben sind hierbei die aus Deutschland heraus etablierten Akutschmerzregister sowie spezielle Akutschmerzzertifizierungsprojekte. Grundlagenwissenschaftliche Arbeiten der letzten Jahre beschäftigen sich mehr und mehr mit speziellen Aspekten des akuten postoperativen Schmerzes und haben u. a. durch Etablierung spezieller tier- und humanexperimenteller Schmerzmodelle translationale Forschungsansätze geschaffen, die weltweit genutzt werden, um neurobiologische Mechanismen postoperativer Schmerzen zu untersuchen. Gleichzeitig kommt es durch die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit in Forschungsprojekten zu einer Erfassung komplexer Zusammenhänge hinsichtlich der Prädiktoren, Mechanismen und auch psychosozialen Aspekte von akuten und – in jüngster Zeit auch – chronischen Schmerzen nach Operationen. Parallel dazu hat auch die evidenzbasierte Medizin Einzug in die Akutschmerzmedizin gehalten, an der Deutschland zunehmend beteiligt ist. Leitlinien auf S3-Niveau haben 2007 erstmals die klinische Akutschmerztherapie in Deutschland bereichert; sie werden jedoch nur zögerlich umgesetzt. In Zukunft werden Fragen der mechanismenorientierten Therapie von Akutschmerzen genauso im Fokus der Forschung stehen müssen wie die Prävention von persistierenden Schmerzen nach Operationen und Akutschmerzen anderer Genese.

Abstract

A great deal of progress has been made in the field of postoperative pain therapy in the last 20 years. Beginning from clinical trials on the effectiveness of individual procedures, such as epidural anesthesia and patient-controlled analgesia, a wide range of healthcare services research as well as basic research with human and animal experiments has been established. Whereas health services research in the 1980s and 1990s focused more on the implementation of acute pain services, outcome-oriented research approaches are nowadays the center of attention. Acute pain registries and pain certification projects initiated in Germany have to be mentioned particularly in this respect. Basic research papers from recent years increasingly address specific aspects of acute postoperative pain and have provided translational approaches that are applied around the world for studying neurobiological mechanisms of postoperative pain. At the same time, interdisciplinary cooperation in research projects has led to a better understanding of complex correlations regarding predictors and mechanisms (including psychosocial aspects) of acute and in recent times also chronic pain after surgery. In parallel, evidence-based medicine has found its way into acute pain medicine in Germany. In 2007, clinical acute pain therapy in Germany was enhanced by S3 level guidelines for the first time; however, the implementation is still incomplete. In future, questions concerning mechanism-based therapy of acute pain need to be equally in the center of attention of research, such as prevention of persisting pain after surgery and acute pain of different origins.

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Pogatzki-Zahn, E., Meissner, W. Therapie postoperativer Schmerzen in Deutschland. Schmerz 29, 503–509 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00482-015-0039-8

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