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Larvicidal, pupicidal, repellent and adulticidal activity of Citrus sinensis orange peel extract against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

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Abstract

Mosquitoes are the carriers of severe and well-known illnesses such as malaria, arboviral encephalitis, dengue fever, chikunguniya fever, West Nile virus and yellow fever. These diseases produce significant morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock around the world. The present study explored the effects of orange peel ethanol extract of Citrus sinensis on larvicidal, pupicidal, repellent and adulticidal activity against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. The orange peel material was shade dried at room temperature and powdered coarsely. From orange peel, 300 g powdered was macerated with 1 L of ethanol sequentially for a period of 72 h each and filtered. The yields of the orange peel ethanol crude extract of C. sinensis 13.86 g, respectively. The extracts were concentrated at reduced temperature on a rotary vacuum evaporator and stored at a temperature of 4 °C. The larvicidal, pupicidal and adult mortality was observed after 24 h of exposure; no mortality was observed in the control group. For C. sinensis, the median lethal concentration values (LC50) observed for the larvicidal and pupicidal activities against mosquito vector species A. stephensi first to fourth larval instars and pupae were 182.24, 227.93, 291.69, 398.00 and 490.84 ppm; A. aegypti values were 92.27, 106.60, 204.87, 264.26, 342.45, 436.93 and 497.41 ppm; and C. quinquefasciatus values were 244.70, 324.04, 385.32, 452.78 and 530.97 ppm, respectively. The results of maximum repellent activity were observed at 450 ppm in ethanol extracts of C. sinensis and the mean complete protection time ranged from 150 to 180 min was tested. The ethanol extract of C. sinensis showed 100 % repellency in 150 min and showed complete protection in 90 min at 350 ppm against A. stephensi, A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. The adult mortality was found in ethanol extract of C. sinensis with the LC50 and LC90 values of 272.19 and 457.14 ppm, A. stephensi; 289.62 and 494.88 ppm, A. aegypti; and 320.38 and 524.57 ppm, respectively. These results suggest that the orange peel extracts of C. sinensis have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the vector control programmes.

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Acknowledgments

We thank to Dr. K. Sasikala, Professor and Head, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University for the laboratory facilities provided. The authors are grateful to Mr. N. Muthukrishnan, Technician and Mr. A. Anbarasan, Lab Assistant, National Centre for Diseases Control (NCDC), Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu for their helping mosquito collection and mosquito samples provided for the present work.

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  1. Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India

    Kadarkarai Murugan, Palanisamy Mahesh Kumar, Kalimuthu Kovendan, Duraisamy Amerasan & Jayapal Subrmaniam

  2. Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202-24, Taiwan

    Jiang-Shiou Hwang

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  1. Kadarkarai Murugan
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Correspondence to Kalimuthu Kovendan.

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Murugan, K., Mahesh Kumar, P., Kovendan, K. et al. Larvicidal, pupicidal, repellent and adulticidal activity of Citrus sinensis orange peel extract against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 111, 1757–1769 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-3021-8

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