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Physiological and biochemical mechanisms of the ornamental Eugenia myrtifolia L. plants for coping with NaCl stress and recovery

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Abstract

Main Conclusion

We studied the response of Eugenia myrtifolia L. plants, an ornamental shrub native to tropical and subtropical areas, to salt stress in order to facilitate the use of these plants in Mediterranean areas for landscaping. E. myrtifolia plants implement a series of adaptations to acclimate to salinity, including morphological, physiological and biochemical changes. Furthermore, the post-recovery period seems to be detected by Eugenia plants as a new stress situation.

Different physiological and biochemical changes in Eugenia myrtifolia L. plants after being subjected to NaCl stress for up to 30 days (Phase I) and after recovery from salinity (Phase II) were studied. Eugenia plants proved to be tolerant to NaCl concentrations between 44 and 88 mM, displaying a series of adaptative mechanisms to cope with salt-stress, including the accumulation of toxic ions in roots. Plants increased their root/shoot ratio and decreased their leaf area, leaf water potential and stomatal conductance in order to limit water loss. In addition, they displayed different strategies to protect the photosynthetic machinery, including the limited accumulation of toxic ions in leaves, increase in chlorophyll content, changes in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, leaf anatomy and antioxidant defence mechanisms. Anatomical modifications in leaves, including an increase in palisade parenchyma and intercellular spaces and decrease in spongy parenchyma, served to facilitate CO2 diffusion in a situation of reduced stomatal aperture. Salinity produced oxidative stress in Eugenia plants as evidenced by oxidative stress parameters values and a reduction in APX and ASC levels. Nevertheless, SOD and GSH contents increased. The post-recovery period is detected as a new stress situation, as observed through effects on plant growth and alterations in chlorophyll fluorescence and oxidative stress parameters.

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Abbreviations

APX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

ASC:

Ascorbate reduced form

DHAR:

Dehydroascorbate reductase

GR:

Glutathione reductase

GSH:

Glutathione reduced form

GSSG:

Glutathione oxidised form

MDHAR:

Monodehydroascorbate reductase

POX:

Peroxidase

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness co-financed by FEDER funds (Project CICYT AGL 2011-30022-C02-01-02) and by The Fundación Séneca-Agencia de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia (11883/PI/09 and 15356/PI/10). Authors thank Mrs Ansley Evans for correction of the English.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Irrigation Department, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, P.O. Box 164, 30100, Murcia, Spain

    José-Ramón Acosta-Motos, Sara Álvarez & María Jesús Sanchez-Blanco

  2. Fruit Tree Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, P.O. Box 164, 30100, Murcia, Spain

    Pedro Diaz-Vivancos & José Antonio Hernández

  3. Department of Abiotic Stress and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100, Murcia, Spain

    Nieves Fernández-García

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  1. José-Ramón Acosta-Motos
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  4. Nieves Fernández-García
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Correspondence to José Antonio Hernández.

Electronic supplementary material

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425_2015_2315_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Suppl. Fig. S1 Contents of Cl− (a), Na+ (b), K+ (c) and Ca2+ (d) in different organs of E. myrtifolia plants at the end of the salinity period (Phase I) and after the recovery period (Phase II). Data represent the mean ± SE from 6 plants. Different letters in the same experimental period indicate significant differences according to Duncan’s test (P ≤ 0.05). (PDF 537 kb)

425_2015_2315_MOESM2_ESM.pdf

Suppl. Fig. S2 Influence of the different irrigation treatments on accumulated evapotranspiration (ET) in E. myrtifolia plants during stress period (Phase I). (PDF 124 kb)

425_2015_2315_MOESM3_ESM.pdf

Suppl. Fig. S3 Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in leaves of E. myrtifolia at 15 and 30 days of NaCl stress (Phase I) and after the recovery period (Phase II). Images of the coefficient of photochemical quenching (qP), the effective PSII quantum yield [Y(II)] and the maximal PSII quantum yield (F v/F m), the non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qN), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and the quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation [Y(NPQ)]. (PDF 508 kb)

425_2015_2315_MOESM4_ESM.pdf

Suppl. Fig. S4 Light microscopy images showing the effect of NaCl on the percentage of area occupied by palisade parenchyma (PP), spongy parenchyma (SP) and intercellular spaces (IS) in leaves from E. myrtifolia plants at the end of the salinity period. (Phase I: a, control; c, S4; e, S8; g, S12) and after the recovery period (Phase II: b, control; d, S4; f, S8; h, S12). (PDF 401 kb)

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Acosta-Motos, JR., Diaz-Vivancos, P., Álvarez, S. et al. Physiological and biochemical mechanisms of the ornamental Eugenia myrtifolia L. plants for coping with NaCl stress and recovery. Planta 242, 829–846 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-015-2315-3

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